Polysaccharides of Sporoderm-Broken Spore of Ganoderma lucidum Modulate Adaptive Immune Function via Gut Microbiota Regulation

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.Fr.) Karst is one of the well-known medicinal macrofungi all over the world, and mounting researches have focused on the polysaccharides derived from the spores of G. lucidum. In the present study, BALB/c mice (n = 8–10) were administered with crude polysaccharides of G. lucidum spores (CPGS) and the refined polysaccharides of G. lucidum spores (RPGS) for 30 days to investigate their effect on the adaptive immune system. Results showed that CPGS and RPGS displayed diverse effects on the lymphocyte activity in the spleen. The splenocyte proliferation activity upon mitogen was suppressed by CPGS and RPGS, while the NK cell’s tumor-killing ability was promoted by CPGS. Both CPGS and RPGS could increase the proportion of naïve T cells in thymus, but only RPGS significantly uplifted the percentage of T cells, as well as the T cell subsets, in peripheral blood, and promoted the activation by upregulating the expression of costimulatory factor CD28. Moreover, 16S sequencing results showed that the effects of CPGS and RPGS were closely related to the regulation of gut microbiota. β-diversity of the microbiome was evidently changed by CPGS and RPGS. The phytoestrogen/polysaccharide-metabolizing bacteria (Adlercreutzia, Parabacteroides, and Prevotella), and an unclassified Desulfovibrionaceae, were remarkably enriched by CPGS or RPGS, and functions involving carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transport, and lipid metabolism were regulated. Moreover, the enrichments of Adlercreutzia, Prevotella, and Desulfovibrionaceae were positively related to the immune regulation by CPGS and RPGS, while that of Parabacteroides displayed a negative correlation. These findings suggested a promising effect of the polysaccharide from sporoderm-broken spore of G. lucidum in immune regulation to promote health control.

Purification and Structure Characterization of the Crude Polysaccharide from the Fruiting Bodies of Butyriboletus pseudospeciosus and Its Modulation Effects on Gut Microbiota

“…The BPP treatment regulated gut microbiota functions, indicating that a high dose of BPP may impose potential and beneficial effects on human diseases by regulating the gut microbiota. In addition, the high dose of BPP obviously upregulated the genes that were responsible for lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, membrane transport, translation, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism ( p < 0.05), which is similar to previous reports [ 47 , 48 ], suggesting that BPP could regulate the metabolism of the gut microbiota. Collectively, functional predictions via Tax4Fun demonstrate that BPP may modulate the gut micrology by regulating those bacteria to change their metabolites and cellular processes.…”

Comparative Analysis of Metabolic Compositions and Trace Elements of Inonotus hispidus Mushroom Grown on Five Different Tree Species

“…Recent investigations have revealed that sugars and glycosides are important bioactive components in mushrooms, such as G. lucidum polysaccharides having antibacterial, 17 antitumor, 18 immunomodulatory, 19 and inflammation effects. 20 In this study, 19 sugars and 42 glycoside metabolites were identified in I. hispidus grown on five different tree species ( Table 2 ). The contents of sugars differ greatly among them, and the contents of cyclic adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose, trehalose, fucose, and iditol in MA were higher than that in other I. hispidus samples .…”

“…Recent investigations have revealed that sugars and glycosides are important bioactive components in mushrooms, such as G. lucidum polysaccharides having antibacterial, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and inflammation effects . In this study, 19 sugars and 42 glycoside metabolites were identified in I.…”

Dietary supplementation Eucommia ulmoides extract at high content served as a feed additive in the hens industry

“…Gut microbiota is necessary for immune homeostasis, and a healthy gut microbiota is important for the regulation of the host immune responses ( Belkaid and Harrison, 2017 ). In this study, certain microbiota with high abundance at genus level in D group are involvement with immune response, such as Faecalibacterium ( Yeoh et al, 2021 ), Desulfovibrionaceae ( Su et al, 2021 ), and Prevotella ( Larsen, 2017 ). It is reported that genus Prevotella could promote Ig A and Ig G response in sera and synovial fluids of arthritis patients ( Moen et al, 2003 ), and genus Faecalibacterium and Desulfovibrionaceae can take function in inflammation regulation ( Schneeberger et al, 2015 ; Chang et al, 2019 ).…”