Population Characteristics and Absorbed Dose to the Population From Nuclear Medicine

Mettler, Fred A.; Christie, James H.; Williams, Arvis G.; Moseley, Robert D.; Kelsey, Charles A.

doi:10.1097/00004032-198605000-00005

Cited by 11 publications

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“…This effective dose equivalent value is comparable to the average effective dose equivalent per patient from nuclear medicine studies as reported from surveys in the United States and Europe [17,18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Dosimetry of iodine-123 iodobenzamide in healthy volunteers

et al. 1993

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The distribution of the dopamine D2-receptor specific ligand iodine-123 (S)-(-)-2-hydroxy-3-iodo-6-methoxy-N[(1-ethyl-2- pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-benzamide (123I-IBZM) was investigated in human adults from whole-body scans, blood samples and urine collected up to 48 h after injection. Results from the present study performed in six healthy volunteers were combined with those of five volunteers from a previous study. Using the brain, liver, lungs and spleen as source organs, the MIRD method was applied to calculate the absorbed radiation dose of the radioligand in various organs. The thyroid (despite blockage), gallbladder wall, large intestinal walls and spleen received the highest absorbed doses. The average effective dose equivalent of 123I-IBZM for adults was estimated to be 0.034 mSv/MBq. The absorbed dose to the thyroid may be a limiting factor for 123I-IBZM studies in children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Dosimetry of iodine-123 iodobenzamide in healthy volunteers

et al. 1993

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“…The administered activity of 131 I-sodium iodide for thyroid imaging before the mid-1970s was about 1.85 MBq (Harper et al 1965; Wagner 1968; Atkins 1975; McAfee and Subramanian 1984; Drozdovitch et al 2014), then gradually increased to 3.7 MBq (Sodee and Early 1975; Irwin et al 1978; Mettler et al 1986; Sisson 1997). The administered activity of 123 I-sodium iodide for thyroid imaging before the late-1970s was estimated to be 3.7 MBq (Robertson 1982; Wagner et al 1986), then gradually increased to 11.1 MBq in the 1980s (Mettler and Guiberteau 1983, Mettler et al 1986; Wagner et al 1995; Park et al 1994, 1997) and to 14.8 MBq in the mid-1990s (Mettler and Guiberteau 1998; Becker et al 1999; Kowalsky and Falen 2004; Balon et al 2006a; Joyce and Swihart 2011). The administered activity of 99m Tc-pertechnetate for thyroid imaging before the late-1970s was estimated to be 74 MBq (Early et al 1969; Maynard 1971; Barrall and Smith 1976), then increased to 185 MBq in the 1980s (Mettler et al 1986; Wagner et al 1986; NCRP 1996) and to 222 MBq in the mid-1990s (Mettler and Guiberteau 1998; Becker et al 1999; Kowalsky and Falen 2004; Balon et al 2006a; Joyce and Swihart 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Activities of radiopharmaceuticals administered to adult patients for brain imaging were the following (Table 2): 26 MBq of 197, 203 Hg-chlormerodin (Silver 1968; Maynard 1971; Sodee and Early 1972; Drozdovitch et al 2014);463 MBq 99m Tc-pertechnetate before the early 1970s, then gradually increasing to 555 MBq and to 740 MBq since the mid-1970s (Harper et al 1965; Maynard 1969; Blahd 1971; O’Mara and Mozley 1971; Ramsey and Quinn 1972; Sodee and Early 1972; Brownell et al 1974; Fischer and McKusick 1975; Holman 1976; Mettler and Guiberteau 1983, 1998; Mettler et al 1986; Dahnert 2007);740 MBq of 99m Tc-DTPA, 99m Tc-GH, 99m Tc-HMPAO, and 99m Tc-ECD (USDHEW, 1976; Robertson 1982; Mettler et al 1986, 2008a, 2008b; McAfee 1989; Larar and Nagel 1992; Kuni and duCret 1997; Mettler and Guiberteau 1998, 2012; Donohoe et al 2003a, 2012; Kowalsky and Falen 2004; Dahnert 2007; Juni et al 2009; NCRP 2009; Bonte et al 2011;);111 MBq of 201 Tl-chloride (Saha et al 1994; Kahn et al 1994; Kowalsky and Falen 2004);555 MBq of 18 F-FDG (Kowalsky and Falen 2004; Mettler et al 2008a; Waxman et al 2009; Mettler and Guiberteau 2012). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Radiopharmaceuticals in Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine in the United States

Drozdovitch¹,

Brill²,

Callahan³

et al. 2015

Health Physics

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To reconstruct reliable nuclear medicine-related occupational radiation doses or doses received as patients from radiopharmaceuticals over the last five decades, we assessed which radiopharmaceuticals were used in different time periods, their relative frequency of use, and typical values of the administered activity. This paper presents data on the changing patterns of clinical use of radiopharmaceuticals and documents the range of activity administered to adult patients undergoing diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures in the U.S. between 1960 and 2010. Data are presented for 15 diagnostic imaging procedures that include thyroid scan and thyroid uptake, brain scan, brain blood flow, lung perfusion and ventilation, bone, liver, hepatobiliary, bone marrow, pancreas, and kidney scans, cardiac imaging procedures, tumor localization studies, localization of gastrointestinal bleeding, and non-imaging studies of blood volume and iron metabolism. Data on the relative use of radiopharmaceuticals were collected using key informant interviews and comprehensive literature reviews of typical administered activities of these diagnostic nuclear medicine studies. Responses of key informants on relative use of radiopharmaceuticals are in agreement with published literature. Results of this study will be used for retrospective reconstruction of occupational and personal medical radiation doses from diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals to members of the U.S. radiologic technologist’s cohort and in reconstructing radiation doses from occupational or patient radiation exposures to other U.S. workers or patient populations.

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“…It should be noted that the typical number of patients per month cannot necessarily be generalized to smaller institutions since the data are representative only of the relatively large size of institutions represented by the participants. Typical administered activities presented in Table 1 and Table 2 were derived from the literature (Beierwaltes et al 1957; Fields and Seed 1957; Blahd et al 1958; King and Mitchell 1961; Reba et al 1962; Wagner 1968; Belcher and Vetter 1971; Maynard 1971; Sodee and Early 1972; Mettler et al 1986; Wagner 1995) and discussed by the focus group participants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Medicine Practices in the 1950s through the Mid-1970s and Occupational Radiation Doses to Technologists from Diagnostic Radioisotope Procedures

Drozdovitch

Brill

Mettler³

et al. 2014

Health Physics

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Data on occupational radiation exposure from nuclear medicine procedures for the time period of the 1950s through the 1970s is important for retrospective health risk studies of medical personnel who conducted those activities. However, limited information is available on occupational exposure received by physicians and technologists who performed nuclear medicine procedures during those years. To better understand and characterize historical radiation exposures to technologists, we collected information on nuclear medicine practices in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. To collect historical data needed to reconstruct doses to technologists, a focus group interview was held with experts who began using radioisotopes in medicine in the 1950s and the 1960s. Typical protocols and descriptions of clinical practices of diagnostic radioisotope procedures were defined by the focus group and were used to estimate occupational doses received by personnel, per nuclear medicine procedure, conducted in the 1950s-1960s using radiopharmaceuticals available at that time. The radionuclide activities in the organs of the reference patient were calculated using the biokinetic models described in ICRP Publication 53. Air kerma rates as a function of distance from a reference patient were calculated by Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations using a hybrid computational phantom. Estimates of occupational doses to nuclear medicine technologists per procedure were found to vary from less than 0.01 μSv (thyroid scan with 1.85 MBq of administered 131I-iodide) to 0.4 μSv (brain scan with 26 MBq of 203Hg-chlormerodin). Occupational doses for the same diagnostic procedures starting in the mid-1960s but using 99mTc were also estimated. The doses estimated in this study show that the introduction of 99mTc resulted in an increase in occupational doses per procedure.

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Population Characteristics and Absorbed Dose to the Population From Nuclear Medicine

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Dosimetry of iodine-123 iodobenzamide in healthy volunteers

Dosimetry of iodine-123 iodobenzamide in healthy volunteers

Use of Radiopharmaceuticals in Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine in the United States

Nuclear Medicine Practices in the 1950s through the Mid-1970s and Occupational Radiation Doses to Technologists from Diagnostic Radioisotope Procedures

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