Population data on calcium in drinking water and hip fracture: An association may depend on other minerals in water. A NOREPOS 1 1Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies. study

Protective Effect of Chokeberry (<em>Aronia melanocarpa </em>L.) Extract Against Cadmium Impact on the Biomechanical Properties of the Femur: A Study in a Rat Model of Low and Moderate Lifetime Women Exposure to this Heavy Metal

“…Growing occurrence of osteoporosis with bone fracture in inhabitants of industrialized countries causes that more and more attention in recent years has been focused on environmental risk factors for bone damage [1][2][3] and numerous efforts have been undertaken to find effective ways of bone protection [4][5][6]. Among the factors that may be useful in this protection a subject of special interest are dietary products rich in biologically active substances characterized by well-defined beneficial impact on bone metabolism, including polyphenolic compounds occurring in green tea and some fruit and vegetables [4][5][6][7].…”

“…More numerous epidemiological data provide evidence that important environmental risk factors for the increasing incidence of osteoporosis are toxic heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd) [1][2][3][8][9][10]. Due to the wide distribution of this metal in the environment and food pollution, as well as its presence in the tobacco smoke, the whole population is exposed to this metal during the lifetime [8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…Due to the wide distribution of this metal in the environment and food pollution, as well as its presence in the tobacco smoke, the whole population is exposed to this metal during the lifetime [8][9][10][11][12]. Bone damage is one of the main unfavourable health effects of long-term exposure to this xenobiotic in both human [1,[8][9][10][11][12] and experimental animals [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. We have reported, on a rat model of environmental human exposure to Cd, that this metal disturbs bone metabolism and weakens biomechanical properties of long bones and lumbar spine vertebral bodies, and may even result in femoral neck and vertebral fractures [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

“…We have reported, on a rat model of environmental human exposure to Cd, that this metal disturbs bone metabolism and weakens biomechanical properties of long bones and lumbar spine vertebral bodies, and may even result in femoral neck and vertebral fractures [13][14][15][16][17][18]. In recent years, more and more numerous epidemiological data have shown that even low-level lifetime exposure to this heavy metal may decrease bone mineral density (BMD) and contribute to osteoporosis with increased risk of bone fracture in the general population [1,[8][9][10]. Moreover, the forecasts indicate that exposure of the general population to this xenobiotic will increase in the future decades [11].…”

Potential Health Benefits of Deep Sea Water: A Review

“…The importance of mineral contents in the drinking water is proven, when its intake is able to reduce calcium oxalate stone in the kidney of people that consume drinking water rich in minerals such as Mg, Ca, and bicarbonate [56–58]. In contrast, consumption of low calcium content in the drinking water has resulted in the hip fracture incident in the Norwegian population [59]. Instead of epidemiological studies, researchers have identified the importance of mineral water content in the experimental studies.…”