Population-Level Mortality Rates from Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in South Korea

Soneji, Samir; Beltrán‐Sánchez, Hiram; Yang, JaeWon; Mann, Caroline

doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.20041814

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Other studies have shown similar prevalence of infection among young HCW. In South Korea 26.9% of cases occurred among HCW aged 20–29 years [ 17 , 18 ]. Risk increases when comorbidities are present, which poses important implications for occupational infections of HCW in hospital settings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First report on prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among health-care workers in Nicaragua

Huete-Pérez¹,

Cabezas-Robelo²,

Páiz-Medina³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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The Nicaraguan COVID-19 situation is exceptional for Central America. The government restricts testing and testing supplies, and the true extent of the coronavirus crisis remains unknown. Dozens of deaths have been reported among health-care workers. However, statistics on the crisis’ effect on health-care workers and their risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 are lacking. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health-care workers and to examine correlations with risk factors such as age, sex and comorbidities. Study participants (N = 402, median age 38.48 years) included physicians, nurses and medical assistants, from public and private hospitals, independent of symptom presentation. SARS-CoV-2 was detected on saliva samples using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. A questionnaire was employed to determine subjects’ COVID-19-associated symptoms and their vulnerability to complications from risk factors such as age, sex, professional role and comorbidities. The study was performed five weeks into the exponential growth period in Nicaragua. We discovered that 30.35% of health-care workers participating in our study had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. A large percentage (54.92%) of those who tested positive were asymptomatic and were still treating patients. Nearly 50% of health-care workers who tested positive were under 40, an astonishing 30.33% reported having at least one comorbidity. In our study, sex and age are important risk factors for the probability of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 with significance being greatest among those between 30 and 40 years of age. In general, being male resulted in higher risk. Our data are the first non-governmental data obtained in Nicaragua. They shed light on several important aspects of COVID-19 in an underdeveloped nation whose government has implemented a herd-immunity strategy, while lacking an adequate healthcare system and sufficient PPE for health-care workers. These data are important for creating policies for containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most significant initial symptoms reported by those testing positive were headache (22.95%), body aches/discomfort (15.57%), cough (13.93%), sore throat (13.93%) and fever (12.30%), which are considered the most common symptoms associated with COVID-19 [ 18 , 28 ]. Among all those infected with SARS-CoV-2, 54.92% were asymptomatic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report on prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among health-care workers in Nicaragua

Huete-Pérez¹,

Cabezas-Robelo²,

Páiz-Medina³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, initial studies from China and Italy indicated that the majority of COVID-19 patients were elderly [104,105]. In contrast, in more recent reports from South Korea, most SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred in individuals aged 20-29 years [106]. The discrepancies of age distribution in COVID-19 cases may be explained by differences in testing strategies and other factors.…”

Section: Role Of Endothelial Dysfunction In Sars-cov-2 Infections: CImentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, Renin-Angiotensin System and Endothelial Dysfunction

Amraei

Rahimi

2020

Cells

236

211

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The newly emergent novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has posed a serious threat to global public health and caused worldwide social and economic breakdown. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is expressed in human vascular endothelium, respiratory epithelium, and other cell types, and is thought to be a primary mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection. In physiological condition, ACE2 via its carboxypeptidase activity generates angiotensin fragments (Ang 1–9 and Ang 1–7), and plays an essential role in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which is a critical regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis. SARS-CoV-2 via its surface spike glycoprotein interacts with ACE2 and invades the host cells. Once inside the host cells, SARS-CoV-2 induces acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), stimulates immune response (i.e., cytokine storm) and vascular damage. SARS-CoV-2 induced endothelial cell injury could exacerbate endothelial dysfunction, which is a hallmark of aging, hypertension, and obesity, leading to further complications. The pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and injury offers insights into COVID-19 associated mortality. Here we reviewed the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the roles of ACE2, RAS signaling, and a possible link between the pre-existing endothelial dysfunction and SARS-CoV-2 induced endothelial injury in COVID-19 associated mortality. We also surveyed the roles of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), including CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN in SARS-CoV-2 infection and other related viruses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of infection, the vascular damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 and pathways involved in the regulation of endothelial dysfunction could lead to new therapeutic strategies against COVID-19.

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“…Baud and others, 2020;Begley, 2020, Belligoni, 2020Courage, 2020;Dylan, 2020;Huang and others, 2020;Mahase, 2020; Onder and others, 2020;Richardson andothers, 2020, Soneji and Wu and McGoogan, 2020. 5 Istituto Superiore diSanità, 2020; Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2020; Spanish Ministry of Health, 2020.…”

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confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Mortality in Rich and Poor Countries: A Tale of Two Pandemics?

Schellekens¹,

Sourrouille²

2020

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The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Policy Research Working Paper 9260COVID-19 can be described as a heat-seeking missile speeding toward the most vulnerable in society. That metaphor applies not just to the vulnerable in the rich world; the vulnerable in the rest of the world are not more immune. Yet, despite the extensive spread of the virus, the mortality toll remains highly concentrated in high-income countries. Developing countries represent 85 percent of the global population, but only 21 percent of the pandemic's death toll. This unusual inequality creates the impression that the world is subjected to two different pandemics in terms of their impact. This paper documents the observed inequality with a new indicator that expresses severity relative to pre-pandemic patterns. It argues that the excessive skew towards rich countries is inconsistent with demography. Simulations based on reasonable ranges for infectivity and fatality suggest that the developing country share in global fatalities could rise by a factor of three (from 21 to 69 percent). Environmental and host-specific factors will influence these results but are unlikely to overturn them. While data quality has a role in explaining 'excess inequality', the more compelling explanation is that the pandemic has yet to run its course through the age distributions of the world.

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Population-Level Mortality Rates from Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in South Korea

Cited by 8 publications

References 10 publications

First report on prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among health-care workers in Nicaragua

First report on prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among health-care workers in Nicaragua

COVID-19, Renin-Angiotensin System and Endothelial Dysfunction

COVID-19 Mortality in Rich and Poor Countries: A Tale of Two Pandemics?

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