Population structure and genetic divergence in Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil and Colombia.

Scarpassa, Vera Margarete; Tadei, Wanderli Pedro; Suárez, Marco Fidel

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.1010

Cited by 36 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…[61][62][63] The samples from the Amazon Basin tended to have higher genetic diversity, in particular nucleotide diversity, than those from Bolivia/ Colombia/Venezuela. These differences were congruent with those of previous mitochondrial and nuclear gene studies 22,[25][26][27][28]64 and can be indicative of cryptic species, or possibly differences in effective population size ( N e) or other events related to the history of these populations. The highest genetic diversity was observed for localities in the central region of Amazonian Brazil.…”

supporting

confidence: 79%

“…Unlike earlier studies that detected higher levels of differentiation between Amazon Basin and Colombia/Venezuela populations, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] our results identified the deepest divergence and earliest divergence time between clade I and subclade II-B, both within the Amazon Basin. These discrepant results could have been caused by more localities from the central Amazonian Brazil being sampled in the present study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Morphologic comparisons showed that the apex of the aedeagus is distinct between samples from the Amazon Basin and Colombia plus Venezuela. 3,18 These data combined with molecular analyses led to the resurrection of An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…§ P < 0.0001. 24,25,28 In this study, intra-population diversity measures were fairly high in An. nuneztovari s.l., as detected in a previous study in this species, 26 and in other anophelines.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…19,20 Subsequently, morphologic, isoenzymatic, and molecular studies found significant differentiation between the two allopatric races, but no notable evidence to support a species complex. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] However, within Amazonian Brazil, internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) 22 and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 26 analyses indicated multiple lineages, and a lack of gene flow between the central and eastern regions. 27 A recent study using nuclear white gene sequences described five lineages in An.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mitochondrial DNA Detects a Complex Evolutionary History with Pleistocene Epoch Divergence for the Neotropical Malaria Vector Anopheles nuneztovari Sensu Lato

Scarpassa

Conn²

2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Cryptic species and lineages characterize Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. Gabaldón, an important malaria vector in South America. We investigated the phylogeographic structure across the range of this species with cytochrome oxidase subunit I ( COI ) mitochondrial DNA sequences to estimate the number of clades and levels of divergence. Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses detected four groups distributed in two major monophyletic clades (I and II). Samples from the Amazon Basin were clustered in clade I, as were subclades II-A and II-B, whereas those from Bolivia/Colombia/ Venezuela were restricted to one basal subclade (II-C). These data, together with a statistical parsimony network, confirm results of previous studies that An. nuneztovari is a species complex consisting of at least two cryptic taxa, one occurring in Colombia and Venezuela and the another occurring in the Amazon Basin. These data also suggest that additional incipient species may exist in the Amazon Basin. Divergence time and expansion tests suggested that these groups separated and expanded in the Pleistocene Epoch. In addition, the COI sequences clearly separated An. nuneztovari s.l. from the closely related species An. dunhami Causey, and three new records are reported for An. dunhami in Amazonian Brazil. These findings are relevant for vector control programs in areas where both species occur. Our analyses support dynamic geologic and landscape changes in northern South America, and infer particularly active divergence during the Pleistocene Epoch for New World anophelines.* Address correspondence to Vera Margarete Scarpassa, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araujo, no. 2936, Bairro Aleixo, Manaus, CEP 69060-001, Amazonas, Brazil. E-mail: vera@inpa.gov.br 858 SCARPASSA AND CONN field-collected specimens or crossing experiments between suspected taxa, distinct modes and rates of evolu tion of the various molecular markers used, and a recent temporal framework for evolutionary processes within An. nuneztovari s.l. 30 CURRENT TAXONOMIC SITUATION Anopheles nuneztovari was originally described from San Carlos, Cojedes State, in western Venezuela, on the basis of on male genitalia. 31 Rozeboom and Gabaldón 32 described An. goeldii from morphology of eggs, larvae, females, and males collected in Belterra (Fortlandia), on the Tapajós River, in Pará State, Brazil. ( Figure 1 ).We investigated the phylogeographic structure of An. nuneztovari s.l. from 17 localities in northern South America (Amazonian Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Suriname, and Venezuela) to estimate the number of clades and levels of divergence by using an 873-basepair fragment of the mtDNA COI gene. Within Amazonian Brazil, we included 11 localities, 5 of which have not been studied (MA, PI, BR, CS, CR; Figure 1 ), to address three questions. 1) How many lineages exist within Table 1 MATERIALS AND METHODSMosquito collection and identification. Samples of An. nuneztovari s.l. were collected from 11 sites in Amazonian Brazil (MA, NM, B...

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