Porifera (Sponges)–1

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: Overview of the Universe of Sponges Metabolites of Calcarea (Calcareous Sponges) General Characteristics of Calcarea Fatty Acids Sterols Non‐Nitrogenous Derivatives of Species of the Genus Leucetta Imidazole Alkaloids and Zinc Complexes Isolated from the Genera Leucetta , Leucosolenia , and Clathrina αω‐ Bis Long‐Chain Aminoalcohols Nitrogen‐Containing Macrolides and Cyclic Peptides Other Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds of Calcarea Metabolites of Hexactinellida Classification and Membrane Constituents of Demospongiae Classification Some Physical Observations on Demosponges Shape and Size Consistency Color and Odor Diversity of Membrane Constituents: Some Examples Phospholipids and “Demospongic Acids” Fatty Acids with 5,9 Dienic Structure Other Mono‐ and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Branched Fatty Acids Isoprenic Acids Cyclopropanic Acids Brominated Acids 2‐ O Substituted Acids Sulfur Derivatives of Demospongic Acids Intracellular Localization and Biological Activity of Demospongic Acids Brief Reminder About Conventional Sterols Unconventional Sterols Produced by Changes in the Tetracyclic System Unconventional Sterols Produced by Polymethylation of the Side Chain Sterols with Degraded Side Chains Sterols and Stanols with Cyclopropanic and Cyclopropenic Side Chains Secosterols Polyhydroxylated Steroids and Derivatives, Peroxysterols Sulfated Sterols Chlorinated Sterols and Sterones Nitrogen‐Containing Sterols Glycolipids Secondary Metabolites of Homoscleromorpha Fatty Acids, Polyketides and Oxylipins of Plakinastrella and Plakortis Cyclic Peroxides and Peroxylactones from Plakinastrella and Plakortis Glycosides Polyhydroxylated Sterols of Oscarella lobularis Alkaloids and Other Original Nitrogen Derivatives of Plakortis and Corticium Secondary Metabolites of Astrophorida Acetylenic Fatty Acids of Stelletta Cyclitol Derivatives Glycolipids: Caminosides and Pachymosides Triterpenes of Malabaricane and Isomalabaricane: Sesterterpenes Triterpenic Glycosides and Steroidal Glycosides Substituted Tetramic Acids and Derived Glycosides Erylusamines, Erylusine, and Erylusidine Cyclic Depsipeptides, Peptolides, and Macrolactones Nitrogen‐Containing Terpenes Bengazoles and Bengamides Atypical Nitrogenous Derivatives Phosphorus‐Containing Derivatives Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Sulfated Derivatives Isotactic Polymethoxydienes of Myriastra clavosa

Barrettides: A Peptide Family Specifically Produced by the Deep-Sea Sponge Geodia barretti

“… 1 − 3 , 37 For natural products typically considered primary metabolites, such as sterols, 38 sponges have been established as the producers. 2 , 39 − 41 However, many sponge-derived natural products typically considered as “secondary” or “specialized” metabolites have been found to be of microbial origin. 4 − 12 For various “secondary” NPs, localization studies show association with sponge cells.…”

“…Generally, sponges are known as a prolific source of natural products. − , For natural products typically considered primary metabolites, such as sterols, sponges have been established as the producers. ,− However, many sponge-derived natural products typically considered as “secondary” or “specialized” metabolites have been found to be of microbial origin. − For various “secondary” NPs, localization studies show association with sponge cells. , Further, in some cases, sphaerulous cells loaded with natural products were found to be exuded by sponges (e.g., in Crambe crambe and Aplysina fistularis ). , However, Haliclona sp. was found to harbor intracellular symbionts producing specialized metabolites, which would refute the underlying assumption that sponge cell localization is sufficient evidence to implicate the sponge as the producer of the metabolite. , This finding highlights the importance of determining the genetic proof of NP production.…”

“…Marine sponges are recognized as a prolific source of new marine natural products (NPs). − However, these sponge NPs are frequently found to be produced by their associated microbes. − Geodia barretti Bowerbank, 1858 is a species of North Atlantic deep-sea demosponge well studied since the 1980s for its natural products . To date, 12 small molecules have been reported to be associated with the sponge, namely, herbipolin, − barettin, 8,9-dihydrobarettin, the diketopiperazine cyclo­(Pro-Arg) and 8,9-dihydro-8-hydroxybarrettin, bromobenzisoxalone barettin, 6-bromoconicamin and 6-bromo-8-hydroxyconicamin, geobarrettins A, B, and C, and L-6-bromohypaphorine, with a range of bioactivities.…”

Marine Natural Products from New Caledonia—A Review

“…Most shallow-water sponge species live in symbiosis with Archaea, eubacteria and cyanobacteria, forming holobiont systems that represent the main source of bioactive compounds [ 38 , 39 ] primarily isolated from host tissues, but occasionally isolated from cultures of associated microbiota. Sponges contain a wide range of so-called secondary metabolites, some of which afford interesting biological activities [ 40 ] ( Table 2 ).…”