Portable electronic system for fast detection of bacteria lactase fermentation in water samples

Salmerón, José F.; Vela-Cano, M.; Falco, Aniello; Rivadeneyra, M Almanchel; Becherer, Markus; Lugli, Paolo; González‐López, Jesús; Rivadeneyra, Almudena

doi:10.1016/j.sna.2022.113486

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These systems are usually based on microcontrollers and/or Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and are powered by batteries [1] or scavenge energy from natural sources [2]. The sensing applications cover a wide range of fields, such as environmental monitoring [3][4][5], food screening for quality analysis and safety [6][7][8], biological measurements for human body composition determination and health monitoring [9][10][11], bacterial detection [12][13][14], chemical analysis [15][16][17], health monitoring, and data collection on civil infrastructures [18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient and Accurate Analog Voltage Measurement Using a Direct Sensor-to-Digital Port Interface for Microcontrollers and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays

Grossi

2024

Sensors

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Portable sensor systems are usually based on microcontrollers and/or Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) that are interfaced with sensors by means of an Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC), either integrated in the computing device or external. An alternative solution is based on the direct connection of the sensors to the digital input port of the microcontroller or FPGA. This solution is particularly interesting in the case of devices not integrating an internal ADC or featuring a small number of ADC channels. In this paper, a technique is presented to directly interface sensors with analog voltage output to the digital input port of a microcontroller or FPGA. The proposed method requires only a few passive components and is based on the measurements of the duty cycle of a digital square-wave signal. This technique was investigated by means of circuit simulations using LTSpice and was implemented in a commercial low-cost FPGA device (Gowin GW1NR-9). The duty cycle of the square-wave signal features a good linear correlation with the analog voltage to be measured. Thus, a look-up table to map the analog voltage values to the measured duty cycle is not required with benefits in terms of memory occupation. The experimental results on the FPGA device have shown that the analog voltage can be measured with a maximum accuracy of 1.09 mV and a sampling rate of 9.75 Hz. The sampling rate can be increased to 31.35 Hz and 128.31 Hz with an accuracy of 1.61 mV and 2.68 mV, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient and Accurate Analog Voltage Measurement Using a Direct Sensor-to-Digital Port Interface for Microcontrollers and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays

Grossi

2024

Sensors

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“…A typical example corresponds to the control temperature in ferment tanks of non-distilled alcoholic beverages e.g beer [1][2][3][4][5][6] and wine [7][8][9]. Thermostats are also important for feeding processes as [10], bioreactors [11], reproduction of bacteria in lactose [12], biofuel production, among others [13][14][15][16][17][18] including micro-controllers and analogical components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple Thermodynamic Model of Thermostats for a Liquid into a Tank: an Analytical Approach

Romero,

Deaza,

Zamudio

et al. 2024

Preprint

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In this manuscript, we propose a simplified mathematical model based on the heat transfer laws to predict the temperature profiles of a liquid controlled by a simple thermostat. The model result in a set of linear ordinary differential equations ODEs with forcing which turn on and off at a priori unknown times TM = {ζ0, ζ1, . . . , ζM}. The p-th switch-time ζp ∈ Tp is calculated from the zeros of a function Q(χ) = Q(χ; ζ1, . . . , ζp−1) coming from analytical solutions of the system depending on the previous times ζ1, . . . , ζp−1. The mathematical problem can be solved by using standard techniques for solving ODEs once TM is calculated by M-successive iterations of the conditional expression Q(χ = ζp) = 0 and the Newton-Raphson method. We provide analytical expressions for the temperature as a function of time and TM considering direct (DC) and alternate (AC) feeding voltages. We solve the system using this numerical-analytical approach and compare it with the results of the 4th Runge–Kutta method finding a good agreement between both methods.

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Portable electronic system for fast detection of bacteria lactase fermentation in water samples

Cited by 2 publications

References 22 publications

Efficient and Accurate Analog Voltage Measurement Using a Direct Sensor-to-Digital Port Interface for Microcontrollers and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays

Efficient and Accurate Analog Voltage Measurement Using a Direct Sensor-to-Digital Port Interface for Microcontrollers and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays

Simple Thermodynamic Model of Thermostats for a Liquid into a Tank: an Analytical Approach

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