Possible stick‐slip behavior before the Rausu landslide inferred from repeating seismic events

Yamada, Masumi; Mori, Jim; Matsushi, Yuki

doi:10.1002/2016gl069288

Cited by 38 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We deduce that the individual, repeating stick-slip events occurred very close together in time from the start of instability. This is in contrast to other seismic observations of landslides where individual stick-slip events could be distinguished before the main failure (Yamada et al, 2016). However, in that case, the source-to-station distance was <1 km whereas our closest station is 3.5 km from the landslide source area.…”

Section: Nature Of the Precursory Tremorcontrasting

confidence: 49%

“…Other anticipative signals of natural 10 gravity-driven instabilities such as those of cracking could also be detected and identified in this way. Cracking and fracturing signals have been identified in seismic data before cliff collapses (Amitrano et al, 2005;Zeckra et al, 2015), slope instabilities (Sima, 1986;Kolesnikov et al, 2003;Dixon et al, 2015;Faillettaz et al, 2016;Yamada et al, 2016), and break-off of hanging glaciers (see review by Faillettaz et al, 2015).…”

Section: Tremor As Early-warning Sign Of Landslide Failure 30mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stick-slip motion can also occur on the sliding plane of a surface mass movement. This has been proposed to create tremor 25 associated with the movement of landslides (Yamada et al, 2016) and ice-rock avalanches (Caplan-Auerbach et al, 2004, Huggel et al, 2008, with the sliding of ice-sheets and glaciers (Caplan-Auerbach and Huggel, 2007;Wiens et al, 2008;Winberry et al, 2013;Allstadt and Malone, 2014;Helmstetter et al, 2015;Lipovsky and Dunham, 2016), and with iceberg collisions (MacAyeal et al, 2008, Martin et al, 2010). …”

Section: Nature Of the Precursory Tremormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seismic records can also give valuable information about triggers and precursors of slope failures (Amitrano et al, 2005;CaplanAuerbach and Huggel, 2007;Senfaute et al, 2009;Got et al, 2010;Helmstetter and Garambois, 2010;Dietze et al, 2017). 20 Repeated small earthquakes indicative of stick-slip movement on a small patch were observed before a landslide failed within shale and tuff layers in Rausu, Japan (Yamada et al, 2016). Individual cracking events that occur more frequently in time closer to the main failure were identified at a station 200 m away from the steep, bedrock source area of a 10 4 m 3 landslide in the Illgraben, Switzerland (Zeckra et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of the Askja caldera July 2014 landslide, Iceland, from seismic signal analysis: precursor, motion and aftermath

Schöpa¹,

Chao²,

Lipovsky³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Using data from a network of 58 seismic stations, we characterise a large landslide that occurred at the southeastern corner of the Askja caldera, Iceland, on 21 July 2014, including its precursory tremor and mass wasting aftermath. Our study is motivated by the need for deeper generic understanding of the processes operating not only at the time of catastrophic slope failure, but also in the preparatory phase and during the transient into the subsequent stable state.In addition, it is prompted by the high hazard potential of the steep caldera lake walls at Askja as tsunami waves created by 15 the landslide reached famous tourist spots 60 m above the lake level. Since direct observations of the event are lacking, the seismic data give valuable details on the dynamics of this landslide episode. The excellent seismic data quality and coverage of the stations of the Askja network made it possible to jointly analyse the long-and short-period signals of the landslide to obtain information about the triggering, initiation, timing, and propagation of the slide. The seismic signal analysis and a landslide force history inversion of the long-period seismic signals showed that the Askja landslide was a single, large event 20starting at the SE corner of the caldera lake at 23:24:05 UTC and propagating to the NW in the following 2 min. The bulk sliding mass was 7-16×10 10 kg, equivalent to a collapsed volume of 35-80×10 6 m 3 , and the centre of mass was displaced horizontally downslope by 1260±250 m during landsliding. The seismic records of stations up to 30 km away from the landslide source area show a tremor signal that started 30 min before the main landslide failure. It is harmonic, with a fundamental frequency of 2.5 Hz and shows time-dependent changes of its frequency content. We attribute the complex 25 tremor signal to accelerating and decelerating stick-slip motion on failure planes at the base and the sides of the landslide body. The accelerating motion culminated in aseismic slip of the landslide visible as a drop in the seismic amplitudes down to the background noise level 2 min before the landslide high-energy signal begins. We propose that the seismic signal of the precursory tremor may be developed as an indicator for landslide early-warning systems. The 8 hours after the main landslide failure are characterised by smaller slope failures originating from the destabilised caldera wall decaying in 30 frequency and magnitude. We introduce the term afterslides for this subsequent, declining slope activity after a large landslide.Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi

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Section: Nature Of the Precursory Tremorcontrasting

confidence: 49%

Section: Tremor As Early-warning Sign Of Landslide Failure 30mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nature Of the Precursory Tremormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of the Askja caldera July 2014 landslide, Iceland, from seismic signal analysis: precursor, motion and aftermath

Schöpa¹,

Chao²,

Lipovsky³

et al. 2017

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Seismic records can also give valuable information about triggers and precursors of slope failures (Amitrano et al, 2005;Caplan-Auerbach and Huggel, 2007;Senfaute et al, 2009;Got et al, 2010;Helmstetter and Garambois, 2010;Dietze et al, 2017). For instance, repeated small earthquakes indicative of stick-slip movement on a small patch were observed before a landslide failed within shale and tuff layers in Rausu, Japan (Yamada et al, 2016). Additionally, individual cracking events that occur more frequently in time closer to the main failure were identified at a station 200 m away from the steep, bedrock source area of a 10 4 m 3 landslide in the Illgraben, Switzerland (Zeckra et al, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of the Askja caldera July 2014 landslide, Iceland, from seismic signal analysis: precursor, motion and aftermath

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Landslide hazard motivates the need for a deeper understanding of the events that occur before, during, and after catastrophic slope failures. Due to the destructive nature of such events, in situ observation is often difficult or impossible. Here, we use data from a network of 58 seismic stations to characterise a large landslide at the Askja caldera, Iceland, on 21 July 2014. High data quality and extensive network coverage allow us to analyse both long- and short-period signals associated with the landslide, and thereby obtain information about its triggering, initiation, timing, and propagation. At long periods, a landslide force history inversion shows that the Askja landslide was a single, large event starting at the SE corner of the caldera lake at 23:24:05 UTC and propagating to the NW in the following 2 min. The bulk sliding mass was 7–16 × 1010 kg, equivalent to a collapsed volume of 35–80 × 106 m3. The sliding mass was displaced downslope by 1260 ± 250 m. At short periods, a seismic tremor was observed for 30 min before the landslide. The tremor is approximately harmonic with a fundamental frequency of 2.3 Hz and shows time-dependent changes of its frequency content. We attribute the seismic tremor to stick-slip motion along the landslide failure plane. Accelerating motion leading up to the catastrophic slope failure culminated in an aseismic quiescent period for 2 min before the landslide. We propose that precursory seismic signals may be useful in landslide early-warning systems. The 8 h after the main landslide failure are characterised by smaller slope failures originating from the destabilised caldera wall decaying in frequency and magnitude. We introduce the term “afterslides” for this subsequent, declining slope activity after a large landslide.

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Seismic constraints on rock damaging related to a failing mountain peak: the Hochvogel, Allgäu

Dietze

Krautblatter²,

Illien

et al. 2020

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Large rock slope failures play a pivotal role in long‐term landscape evolution and are a major concern in land use planning and hazard aspects. While the failure phase and the time immediately prior to failure are increasingly well studied, the nature of the preparation phase remains enigmatic. This knowledge gap is due, to a large degree, to difficulties associated with instrumenting high mountain terrain and the local nature of classic monitoring methods, which does not allow integral observation of large rock volumes. Here, we analyse data from a small network of up to seven seismic sensors installed during July–October 2018 (with 43 days of data loss) at the summit of the Hochvogel, a 2592 m high Alpine peak. We develop proxy time series indicative of cyclic and progressive changes of the summit. Modal analysis, horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratio data and end‐member modelling analysis reveal diurnal cycles of increasing and decreasing coupling stiffness of a 260,000 m3 large, instable rock volume, due to thermal forcing. Relative seismic wave velocity changes also indicate diurnal accumulation and release of stress within the rock mass. At longer time scales, there is a systematic superimposed pattern of stress increased over multiple days and episodic stress release within a few days, expressed in an increased emission of short seismic pulses indicative of rock cracking. Our data provide essential first order information on the development of large‐scale slope instabilities towards catastrophic failure. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Possible stick‐slip behavior before the Rausu landslide inferred from repeating seismic events

Cited by 38 publications

References 31 publications

Dynamics of the Askja caldera July 2014 landslide, Iceland, from seismic signal analysis: precursor, motion and aftermath

Dynamics of the Askja caldera July 2014 landslide, Iceland, from seismic signal analysis: precursor, motion and aftermath

Dynamics of the Askja caldera July 2014 landslide, Iceland, from seismic signal analysis: precursor, motion and aftermath

Seismic constraints on rock damaging related to a failing mountain peak: the Hochvogel, Allgäu

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