Post-disaster neoliberal normalization in the 1985, 2010 and 2015 Chilean earthquakes

Abstract

PurposeThis article analyzes biopolitical strategies for the recovery of neoliberal normality in urban areas affected by earthquakes in 1985, 2010 and 2015 in Chile (intensity >8.0Mw).Design/methodology/approachThis is a qualitative design research. In total, 198 semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven focus groups. The data were processed in search of discursive threads, guided by the categories contained in the analysis and those arising from the interview transcripts.FindingsResults describe three clusters of discursive threads: disruption of normality, strategies of disaster biopolitics and narratives on the recovery of normality in the medium to long term. In the analyzed cases, disaster biopolitics entered domestic and community spaces to govern life; while the aim was to safeguard lives, it also sought to ensure the continuity of the neoliberal regime. The disaster biopolitics used the exception to normalize, constructing subjectivity and memory around the idea of catastrophes.Research limitations/implicationsThe qualitative design can be used in sudden and extreme situations, but it is not possible to anticipate similar results in other kind of disasters (e.g. drought).Social implicationsThis study wants to contribute a political vision about disasters by describing the process of restoring order, which follows highly destructive disasters, by demonstrating that in Chile, the biopolitical exception was key to returning to neoliberal normality.Originality/valueThe findings can help improve emergency responses and propose the necessity of political contextualization in post-disaster recovery processes.

Biopolítica del Desastre e Intervención social en la ciudad

“…Nótese que en el terremoto de 2010 y en los graves incendios que afectaron a la región del Biobío en 2019 se utilizan repertorios como el toque de queda, el despliegue fuerza militares y los pormenorizados de catastros de población afectada (como la encuesta Ficha Básica de Emergencia, FIBE). En este sentido, la excepción se articula como herramienta de recuperación del funcionamiento normal del régimen social y político (Saavedra y Alvarado-Cañuta, 2023).…”

“…Esto permite ubicar a los desastres como objeto de prácticas, discursos y materializaciones que constituyen los dispositivos de intervención social. Para ello, un marco de análisis propicio, como ocurre con la mirada biopolítica, favorece la toma de distancia de aquellas perspectivas que limitan el tratamiento del desastre a cuestiones de gestión técnica (Saavedra y Alvarado-Cañuta, 2023). Investigadoras e investigadores del trabajo social cuentan entre sus referencias el concepto de biopolítica (Arancibia et al, 2016;Martín, 2017), pero la aplicación en el campo de la intervención pre y post-desastre aun es incipiente.…”