“…[2][3][4] As a result of the deleterious effects of RA and GA on bladder function, various attempts at reducing UR have been made. These include prediction 8,9 and prevention with the use of ultrasound monitoring of bladder volume, 10 restrictive fluid regimens, 9,11,12 ␣-adrenoceptor blockade, 13,14 and spinal anesthesia with short-acting local anesthetics. 2 However, these studies were not included in the analysis and are too small to modify the conclusion from our review that GA and RA have been associated with the highest risk of UR.…”