Post materialist values and entrepreneurship: a multilevel approach

Abstract

PurposePostmaterialist values (autonomy, self‐expression, fulfilment of personal goals) have been shown to predict entrepreneurship at the country level. This paper aims to expand previous research by testing the relationship between postmaterialism and entrepreneurship at the individual level across 39 countries.Design/methodology/approachIn a series of multilevel models, with individuals nested within countries, the paper tests whether individuals’ postmaterialist values predict the probability of becoming an entrepreneur after controlling for income level, age, gender and education level. To do this, Inglehart's 12‐item Postmaterialism‐index was used. Data was taken from the 1999‐2004 database of the World Value Survey on approximately forty‐five thousand subjects from 39 countries. Models with random intercepts and random slopes were calculated.FindingsThis paper presents evidence on three issues: postmaterialism decreases a person's likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur; the effect of postmaterialism on entrepreneurship varies across countries; and this effect is more negative in countries with high levels of entrepreneurship.Practical implicationsTheoretical: individuals with materialist values are more likely to be entrepreneurs than postmaterialist individuals. This finding provides support to the hypothesis that entrepreneurs are basically economically driven people. Practical: The efficacy of public policies to promote entrepreneurial activity could be overshadowed by more deeply‐rooted cultural orientations, postmaterialism in this case.Originality/valueThe relationship between postmaterialism and entrepreneurship has been studied previously using countries as the unit of analysis; this paper's main contribution is that it expands this line of research to the individual level of analysis.

National Culture and Entrepreneurship: Literature Review and Further Research Directions

“…Интерес к этому аспекту национальной культуры в исследованиях предприни-мательства только начинает зарождаться (см., напр. : [Morales, Holtschlag, 2013;Hechavarría, 2016]). Среди анализируемых статей данному подходу было посвящено только одно исследование [Hechavarría et al, 2017].…”

Effectuation and Causation as the Mediators of the Relationship between Cultural Value Orientations and New Venture Performance

“…Значительное количество работ посвящено исследованию влияния доминирующих культурных ценностей на различные аспекты предпринимательства (см., напр: [De Clercq, Lim, Hoon Oh, 2013;Hechavarria, 2016;Hechavarria, Reynolds, 2009;Pinillos, Reyes, 2011;Uhlaner, Thurik, 2007]). В частности, результаты ана-лиза свидетельствуют о том, что постмате-риалистические ценности, такие как ува-жение, качество жизни и самореализация, в отличие от материалистических аспектов экономической и физической безопасности, снижают предпринимательскую активность на национальном [Uhlaner, Thurik, 2007] и индивидуальном уровнях [Morales, Holtschlag, 2013]. Кроме того, было выявлено, что различия в культурных аспектах из-бегания неопределенности, индивидуализ-ма/коллективизма, дистанции власти и маскулинности/фемининности связаны с различиями в национальных показателях предпринимательской активности [Hunt, Levie, 2003;Pinillos, Reyes, 2011], а так-же с восприятием предпринимательства и предпринимательскими намерениями [Mueller, Thomas, 2001;Shinnar, Giacomin, Janssen, 2012;Shneor, Camgöz, Karapinar, 2013;Stuetzer et al, 2016] и условия-ми для развития предпринимательства [Baughn, Neupert, 2003].…”

Dimensions of the Javanese culture and the role of Parents in instilling values in creative industry entrepreneurship

“…(2) indicate that only 30% of family businesses are successful until the second generation and 10% until the third generation. (3,4)) prove the influence of national culture on entrepreneurial characteristics. The research approach by (5) also focuses on the evidence that national culture has an impact on aggregate entrepreneurial behavior.…”

“…On the cultural linkages and entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship is a major driver in developing the economy although a developing economy's culture may be an inhibitor (6). The history of research that analyses the relationship between cultures with different concepts, in addition to entrepreneurship in different countries and crosscountry comparisons have been conducted (4,7). Research on Javanese cultural transformation in the family business focusing on the next generation is very noteworthy to be analyzed.…”