Post-stroke depression and the aging brain

Abstract

Ageing is associated with changes in the function of various organ systems. Changes in the cardiovascular system affect both directly and indirectly the function in a variety of organs, including the brain, with consequent neurological (motor and sensory performance) and cognitive impairments, as well as leading to the development of various psychiatric diseases. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is among the most frequent neuropsychiatric consequences of cerebral ischemia. This review discusses several animal models used for the study of PSD and summarizes recent findings in the genomic profile of the ageing brain, which are associated with age-related disorders in the elderly. Since stroke and depression are diseases with increased incidence in the elderly, great clinical benefit may especially accrue from deciphering and targeting basic mechanisms underlying PSD. Finally, we discuss the relationship between ageing, circadian rhythmicity and PSD.

Decrease in Oxidative Stress Parameters after Post‐Ischaemic Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Administration in the Hippocampus of Rats Exposed to Focal Cerebral Ischaemia

“…Similar findings with significant rise in the TBARS levels were reported by results of the authors who analysed the level of TBARS after MCAO of various duration (1-2 hr), followed by reperfusion either in hippocampus [51] or in cortical tissue [52,53]. In addition, Cano et al [54] and Cojocaru et al [55] showed also that induction of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in human ischaemic stroke within the first 24 hr. It is considered that a rise in lipid peroxidation is a valuable early marker of I/R injury developed in a period in which there were still no signs of severe neuronal damage or death [56].…”

“… and Cojocaru et al . showed also that induction of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in human ischaemic stroke within the first 24 hr. It is considered that a rise in lipid peroxidation is a valuable early marker of I/R injury developed in a period in which there were still no signs of severe neuronal damage or death .…”

Reversal of the Detrimental Effects of Post-Stroke Social Isolation by Pair-Housing is Mediated by Activation of BDNF-MAPK/ERK in Aged Mice

“…Recovery is slower and incomplete in aged animals 5 even with smaller infarct volumes 4 . Comorbidities such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and increased systemic inflammation increase the probability of poor outcomes in older patient 18 30 31 . Recent reports suggest that both social isolation and feelings of loneliness can increase the risk of illness and death in humans 11 18 .…”

Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Patients with a Post Stroke Depression from the Municipality of Tetovo, Republic of Macedonia

“…So far in scientific findings, the etiopathogenesis of the disease has been described as multifactorial. The epidemiological characteristics point out that PSD is a disease of the older population and occurs more frequently in and after the sixth decade of life, more often in the male sex [ 2 ] [ 9 ]. Most commonly mentioned risk factors are: functional disability and a severe stroke, often localised in the left orbitofrontal cortex, disturbing the neurotransmitting circles between the cortex and the basal ganglia [ 3 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ].…”