Post‐transcriptional regulation of Ghd7 protein stability by phytochrome and Os<scp>GI</scp> in photoperiodic control of flowering in rice

Zheng, Tianhui; Sun, Juan; Zhou, Shirong; Chen, Saihua; Lü, Jian; Cui, Song; Tian, Yunlu; Zhang, Huan; Cai, Maohong; Zhu, Shanshan; Wu, Meiqing; Wang, Yihua; Jiang, Ling; Zhai, Huqu; Wang, Haiyang; Wan, Jianmin

doi:10.1111/nph.16010

Cited by 56 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Phytochromes PHYB and PHYC are involved in the transcriptional regulation by light of both PPD1/PRR37 and VRN2 in wheat [15,31], Brachypodium [62], rice [63], and sorghum [40]. In addition, OsPHYA, OsPHYB and OsGI proteins have been shown to interact directly with OsGHD7, regulating protein stability [64]. We observed similar interactions between VRN2 and both PHYB and PHYC in wheat.…”

Section: Plos Geneticssupporting

confidence: 61%

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Epistatic interactions between PHOTOPERIOD1, CONSTANS1 and CONSTANS2 modulate the photoperiodic response in wheat

Shaw

Woods

et al. 2020

PLoS Genet

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In Arabidopsis, CONSTANS (CO) integrates light and circadian clock signals to promote flowering under long days (LD). In the grasses, a duplication generated two paralogs designated as CONSTANS1 (CO1) and CONSTANS2 (CO2). Here we show that in tetraploid wheat plants grown under LD, combined loss-of-function mutations in the A and B-genome homeologs of CO1 and CO2 (co1 co2) result in a small (3 d) but significant (P<0.0001) acceleration of heading time both in PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD1) sensitive (Ppd-A1b, functional ancestral allele) and insensitive (Ppd-A1a, functional dominant allele) backgrounds. Under short days (SD), co1 co2 mutants headed 13 d earlier than the wild type (P<0.0001) in the presence of Ppd-A1a. However, in the presence of Ppd-A1b, spikes from both genotypes failed to emerge by 180 d. These results indicate that CO1 and CO2 operate mainly as weak heading time repressors in both LD and SD. By contrast, in ppd1 mutants with lossof-function mutations in both PPD1 homeologs, the wild type Co1 allele accelerated heading time >60 d relative to the co1 mutant allele under LD. We detected significant genetic interactions among CO1, CO2 and PPD1 genes on heading time, which were reflected in complex interactions at the transcriptional and protein levels. Loss-of-function mutations in PPD1 delayed heading more than combined co1 co2 mutations and, more importantly, PPD1 was able to perceive and respond to differences in photoperiod in the absence of functional CO1 and CO2 genes. Similarly, CO1 was able to accelerate heading time in response to LD in the absence of a functional PPD1. Taken together, these results indicate that PPD1 and CO1 are able to respond to photoperiod in the absence of each other, and that interactions between these two photoperiod pathways at the transcriptional and protein levels are important to fine-tune the flowering response in wheat.

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Section: Plos Geneticssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…These two phytochromes also showed Y2H interactions with CO1 and CO2, but not PPD1 (Fig 7E and S5 Fig). Additional experiments will be required to test if these phytochrome interactions can stabilize the VRN2, CO1 and CO2 proteins in wheat as they stabilize GHD7 in rice [64] or CO in Arabidopsis [65].…”

Section: Plos Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epistatic interactions between PHOTOPERIOD1, CONSTANS1 and CONSTANS2 modulate the photoperiodic response in wheat

Shaw

Woods

et al. 2020

PLoS Genet

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“…Phytochromes PHYB and PHYC are involved in the transcriptional regulation by light of both PPD1/PRR37 and VRN2 in wheat [15,31], Brachypodium [62], rice [63] and sorghum [40]. In addition, OsPHYA, OsPHYB and OsGI proteins have been shown to interact directly with OsGHD7, regulating protein stability [64]. We observed similar interactions between VRN2 and both PHYB and PHYC in wheat.…”

Section: Protein-protein Interactions Add An Additional Level Of Regusupporting

confidence: 59%

“…These two phytochromes also showed Y2H interactions with CO1 and CO2, but not PPD1 (Fig 7E and S5). Additional experiments will be required to test if these phytochrome interactions can stabilize the VRN2, CO1 and CO2 proteins in wheat as they stabilize GHD7 in rice [64] or CO in Arabidopsis [65].…”

Section: Protein-protein Interactions Add An Additional Level Of Regumentioning

confidence: 99%

Epistatic interactions betweenPHOTOPERIOD-1, CONSTANS 1andCONSTANS 2modulate the photoperiodic response in wheat

Shaw

Woods

et al. 2020

Preprint

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25In Arabidopsis, CONSTANS (CO) integrates light and circadian clock signals to promote 26 flowering under long days (LD). In the grasses, a duplication generated two paralogs designated 27 as CONSTANS 1 (CO1) and CONSTANS 2 (CO2). Here we show that in tetraploid wheat plants 28 grown under LD, combined loss-of-function mutations in the A and B-genome homeologs of 29 CO1 and CO2 (co1 co2) result in a small (3 d) but significant (P<0.0001) acceleration of heading 30 time both in PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD1) sensitive (Ppd-A1b) and insensitive (Ppd-A1a) 31 backgrounds. Under short days (SD), co1 co2 mutants headed 13 d earlier than the wild type 32 (P<0.0001) in the presence of Ppd-A1a. However, in the presence of Ppd-A1b, spikes from both 33 genotypes failed to emerge by 180 d. These results indicate that CO1 and CO2 operate mainly as 34 weak heading time repressors in both LD and SD. By contrast, in the absence of functional 35 PPD1 alleles (ppd1), Co1 accelerated heading time >60 d relative to co1 under LD. We detected 36 significant genetic interactions among CO1, CO2 and PPD1 alleles on heading time, which were 37 reflected in complex interactions among these genes at the transcriptional and protein levels. 38Loss-of-function mutations in PPD1 had a stronger effect on heading time than combined co1 39 co2 mutations and, more importantly, PPD1 was able to perceive and respond to differences in 40 photoperiod in the absence of functional CO1 and CO2 genes. Similarly, CO1 was able to 41 accelerate heading time in response to LD in the absence of a functional PPD1. Taken together, 42 these results indicate that PPD1 and CO1 are able to respond to photoperiod in the absence of 43 each other, and that interactions between these two photoperiod pathways at the transcriptional 44 and protein levels are important to fine-tune the flowering response in wheat. 45 46 47 3 Author summary 48An understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of wheat heading time is 49 required to engineer more productive varieties better adapted to new or changing environments. 50A large proportion of wheat's natural variation in heading time is determined by differences in 51 genes controlling the photoperiodic response. In this study, we show that the wheat 52 PHOTOPERIOD1 (PPD1) gene has a stronger effect on heading time than CONSTANS1 (CO1) 53 and CO2 in the regulation of the photoperiodic response, and that complex genetic interactions 54 among these genes are important to fine-tune heading time. Using loss-of-function mutants for 55 both CO1 and CO2, we demonstrate that these genes are not required for PPD1 to perceive 56 differences in photoperiod and regulate heading time. Similarly, we show that in the absence of 57 PPD1, CO1 can accelerate heading time more than 60 days in response to long days. Our results 58 indicate that each of these two wheat photoperiod pathways can respond to differences in 59 photoperiod even in the absence of the other one. Differences in the relative importance of these 60 two pathway...

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“…The full‐length coding sequences of ZmPHYB 1, ZmPHYB2 , ZmPHYC 1 and ZmPHYC2 were recombined into the p2YC vector at the Pac I/ Spe I sites to generate ZmPHYB1‐p2YC , ZmPHYB2‐p2YC , ZmPHYC1‐p2YC and ZmPHYC2‐p2YC , respectively. The p2YN and p2YC vectors were described previously (Sun et al ., 2017; Zheng et al ., 2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout and overexpression studies reveal a role of maize phytochrome C in regulating flowering time and plant height

Zhao

et al. 2020

Plant Biotechnology Journal

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Maize is a major staple crop widely used for food, feedstocks and industrial products. Shadeavoidance syndrome (SAS), which is triggered when plants sense competition of light from neighbouring vegetation, is detrimental for maize yield production under high-density planting conditions. Previous studies have shown that the red and far-red photoreceptor phytochromes are responsible for perceiving the shading signals and triggering SAS in Arabidopsis; however, their roles in maize are less clear. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 and found that ZmPHYC1, but not ZmPHYC2, is highly expressed in leaves and is regulated by the circadian clock. Both ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 proteins are localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm under light conditions and both of them can interact with themselves or with ZmPHYBs. Heterologous expression of ZmPHYCs can complement the Arabidopsis phyC-2 mutant under constant red light conditions and confer an attenuated SAS in Arabidopsis in response to shading. Double knockout mutants of ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 created using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology display a moderate early-flowering phenotype under long-day conditions, whereas ZmPHYC2 overexpression plants exhibit a moderately reduced plant height and ear height. Together, these results provided new insight into the function of ZmPHYCs and guidance for breeding high-density tolerant maize cultivars.

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Post‐transcriptional regulation of Ghd7 protein stability by phytochrome and OsGI in photoperiodic control of flowering in rice

Cited by 56 publications

References 56 publications

Epistatic interactions between PHOTOPERIOD1, CONSTANS1 and CONSTANS2 modulate the photoperiodic response in wheat

Epistatic interactions between PHOTOPERIOD1, CONSTANS1 and CONSTANS2 modulate the photoperiodic response in wheat

Epistatic interactions betweenPHOTOPERIOD-1, CONSTANS 1andCONSTANS 2modulate the photoperiodic response in wheat

CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout and overexpression studies reveal a role of maize phytochrome C in regulating flowering time and plant height

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