Postnatal depression and its effects on child development: a review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries

Parsons, Christine E.; Young, Katherine S.; Rochat, Tamsen; Kringelbach, Morten L.; Stein, Alan

doi:10.1093/bmb/ldr047

Cited by 326 publications

(288 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Antenatal and postnatal exposures independently affect child cognitive and emotional development 85,87 . In low-resource settings, the effects extend to childhood stunting and physical illness with antenatal depressive symptoms predicting higher rates of pre-term birth, failure to thrive in utero and low birth weight 88,89 . Animal studies of maternal antenatal stress have shown effects on various hormonal and chemical mediators (glucocorticoids, oxygen and glucose) that are associated with reduced fetal weight, gender-specific metabolic changes in the offspring and long-term adverse metabolic and renal effects 90,91 .…”

Section: Persistence Of Adolescent Assets and Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescence and the next generation

Patton

Olsson

Skirbekk

et al. 2018

Nature

290

228

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Adolescent growth and social development shape the early development of offspring from preconception through to the post-partum period through distinct processes in males and females. At a time of great change in the forces shaping adolescence, including the timing of parenthood, investments in today’s adolescents, the largest cohort in human history, will yield great dividends for future generations.

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Section: Persistence Of Adolescent Assets and Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescence and the next generation

Patton

Olsson

Skirbekk

et al. 2018

Nature

290

228

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“…Mat ernal depression across the postbirth period, a condition affecting approximately 15% of women in industrial societies, is a major public health concern. Not only is maternal depression among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, but it also is the most underdiagnosed in the community and has direct negative consequences both for the suffering individual and for her child (1). Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that children of depressed mothers show greater vulnerability to psychopathology, particularly to anxiety and depressive disorders (2), oppositional conduct, neurocognitive deficits (3), and maladaptive social behavior (4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Maternal Depression Across the First 6 Years of Life on the Child’s Mental Health, Social Engagement, and Empathy: The Moderating Role of Oxytocin

Apter-Levy¹,

Feldman²,

Vakart³

et al. 2013

AJP

225

185

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Objective: Maternal depression across the postbirth period has long-term negative consequences for infant development. Little is known of the neurobiological underpinnings, but they could involve oxytocin, a neuropeptide that is dysfunctional in depression and is implicated in birth and parenting.Method: The authors recruited a community cohort of women with high or low depression scores 2 days after childbirth and measured depression again at 6 and 9 months. When the child was 6, the authors evaluated the families of 46 chronically depressed mothers and 103 mothers reporting no depression since childbirth. The child was assessed for psychiatric diagnoses, social engagement, and empathy. Mother, father, and child were tested for salivary oxytocin level and variation in the rs2254298 single nucleotide polymorphism on the OXTR gene.

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“…1 Pregnancy in adolescents is considered a risk factor for symptoms of depression, considering that Vanessa Polina Pereira COSTA (a) Marcos Britto CORREA (b) Marília Leão GOETTEMS (b) Ricardo Tavares PINHEIRO (c) Flávio Fernando DEMARCO (b) pregnant adolescents present a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than nonpregnant adolescents (16-44% vs 5-20%). 2 High levels of anxiety symptoms are also common during pregnancy 3 and in the first year postpartum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal depression and anxiety associated with dental fear in children: a cohort of adolescent mothers in Southern Brazil

et al. 2017

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Exposure to maternal symptoms of depression/anxiety has long-term negative consequences for child development, regardless of the contextual risk. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of the symptomatology of persistent maternal depression and anxiety with child dental fear. This study was nested in a cohort of adolescent mothers in southern Brazil. Symptomatology of maternal depression and anxiety was assessed during pregnancy and postpartum, when the mothers' children were 24-36 months old, using Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. The mothers answered a questionnaire to assess dental fear in their children, and to obtain socioeconomic and demographic data. Both mothers and their children were submitted to clinical oral examination (n= 540 dyads) to obtain oral health data. Multivariate hierarchical Poisson regression analysis was used to determine associations (p < 0.05). At data collection, the prevalence of maternal depressive symptoms was 39.1%, and anxiety was observed in 27.8% of the mothers, whereas 21.6% of the children presented dental fear. In the adjusted analysis, children's dental fear was positively associated with mothers' presenting depressive symptomatology and caries experience. The depression symptomatology trajectory was not associated with dental fear, whereas mothers with persistent symptoms of anxiety reported higher prevalence of dental fear toward their offspring. The findings of symptomatology of maternal depression observed at data collection and persistence of anxiety may negatively impact the child's perception of dental fear. Mothers are the main caregivers and primary models responsible for transmitting health-related behaviors; consequently, mental disorders affecting mothers may negatively impact their children.

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Postnatal depression and its effects on child development: a review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries

Abstract: Nonetheless, there is a compelling case for the implementation of interventions to reduce the impact of PND on the quality of the mother-infant relationship and improve child outcomes.

Cited by 326 publications

References 128 publications

Adolescence and the next generation

Adolescence and the next generation

Impact of Maternal Depression Across the First 6 Years of Life on the Child’s Mental Health, Social Engagement, and Empathy: The Moderating Role of Oxytocin

Maternal depression and anxiety associated with dental fear in children: a cohort of adolescent mothers in Southern Brazil

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