Potential Advantages of Peroxoborates and Their Ester Adducts Over Hydrogen Peroxide as Therapeutic Agents in Oral Healthcare Products: Chemical/Biochemical Reactivity Considerations In Vitro, Ex Vivo And In Vivo

Abstract

Peroxides present in oral healthcare products generally exert favourable protective activities against the development and progression of tooth decay, plaque, gingivitis, and halitosis, etc. However, despite the high level of research focus on hydrogen and carbamide peroxides as therapeutically active (and tooth-whitening) agents, to date the use of alternative chemical forms of peroxides such as peroxoborates for these purposes has received only scant attention. Intriguingly, peroxoborate and its esters with polyols, such as glycerol, have a very diverse chemistry/biochemistry in aqueous solution, for which there is an increasing amount of evidence that it remains distinctive from that of hydrogen peroxide; such properties include self-associative and hydrolytic equilibria, and their abilities to participate in electrophile- or nucleophile-scavenging, metal ion-complexing, redox and free radical reactions, for example. Therefore, the purpose of this detailed commentary is to evaluate both differences and similarities between the molecular/biomolecular reactivities of peroxoborate species and hydrogen peroxide in vitro, ex-vivo and in vivo. It encompasses brief sectional accounts regarding the molecular heterogeneity of peroxoborates, the release of bioactive agents therefrom, and their oxidative attack on oral cavity biomolecules (the nucleophilic or electrophilic character of these oxidations are discussed). Further areas explored are the abilities of borates and peroxoborates to enhance the solubility of iron ions in aqueous solution, their involvements in free radical biochemistry (particularly the complexation of oxygen radical-promoting transition metal ions by, and antioxidant properties of, peroxoborate-polyol ester adducts), and the specific inhibition of protease enzymes. Further aspects focus on the tooth-whitening, oral malodor neutralizing, and potential mutagenic and genotoxic properties of peroxoborates, along with possible mechanisms for these processes. The abilities of peroxoborates, and peroxides in general, to modulate the activities of inflammatory mediators and vitamins, antioxidant or otherwise, are also explored.

A Spectrophotometric Study on Light Attenuation Properties of Dental Bleaching Gels: Potential Relevance to Irradiation Parameters

“…Following the prior generation of the aggressively reactive, tooth-whitening ● OH radical (Equation (1)), the mechanism of H 2 O 2 degradation involves two further steps—the first involving the reaction of the ● OH radical product with further H 2 O 2 (Equation (4)) and the second reaction of ● OOH generated in Equation (2) with further H 2 O 2 (Equation (5)) [ 2 ]. ● OH + H 2 O 2 → ● OOH + H 2 O ● OOH + H 2 O 2 → 2 ● OH + H 2 O + O 2 …”

“…During bleaching, a specific gel is applied on a previously cleansed and polished tooth surface [ 1 ]. The main active ingredient of bleaching gels is hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) or carbamide-peroxide, the latter representing a 1:1 additional complex of H 2 O 2 with urea [ 2 ]. The procedures utilised can be performed either as home-bleaching or in-office techniques.…”

A Narrative Review on Means to Promote Oxygenation and Angiogenesis in Oral Wound Healing

“…The source of the slow and continuous release of oxygen in blue ® m products comes from components present in the formula: honey (enzyme glucose oxidase) and sodium perborate. When these components come into contact with tissue fluids, they convert into H 2 O 2 at low concentrations (0.003 to 0.15%) [ 86 ]. Oral gel is the product that has the greatest amount of oxygen release, so its main actions are healing and bactericidal.…”

Evaluation of delphinidin as a storage medium for avulsed teeth

“…DP exerts inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-exposed human rheumatoid arthritis synovial cells by downregulating the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway [ 13 ]. Furthermore, in osteoarthritic chondrocytes, DP reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and the production of prostaglandin E2 induced by interleukin (IL)-1β, which is also related to external root resorption [ 14 , 15 ].…”