Potential Application of Carbon‐based Electrical Sensor for the Highly Sensitive Diltiazem HCl Quantification in its Pharmaceutical Products and Biological Samples

Abstract

Diltiazem (DTZ) hydrochloride, a calcium channel blocker compound, is a very well‐known drug used by many clinicians to treat important diseases playing a role in increased morbidity and mortality among adults worldwide, namely hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, and ischemic heart disease (angina pectoris). These diseases are a common public health concern, implying that the construction of a specific, accurate, and simple sensor for DTZ determination is needed. Herein, an innovative, portable, and sensitive modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE) was seamlessly developed based on the affordable green compound N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) as a sensing material and tricresyl phosphate as a solvent mediator for the voltammetric determination of DTZ. The proposed NBS‐MCPE exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of DTZ molecules in a phosphate buffer solution of pH 5.0 in presence of 20 μM sodium dodecyl sulfate to improve the developed sensor performance. The sensor was found to respond linearly to the DTZ drug over a wide concentration ranging from 1 μM to 300 μM with a low limit of detection. LSV and EIS measurements were also used to scrutinize our sensor, in addition to using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis techniques for its surface morphology inspection before and after soaking in the drug‐containing solution. The applicability of the proposed sensor for the rapid, sensitive, and selective determination of DTZ in pharmaceutical preparation and human urine samples was assessed and the obtained results were compared with that of the reported HPLC analytical method.

Corrosion mitigation characteristics of some novel organoselenium thiourea derivatives for acid pickling of C1018 steel via experimental and theoretical study

“…The CPE denotes a pure resistor when α = 0, a pure capacitor when α = + 1, and an inductor when α = −1 47 . Additionally, the following equation was used to get the double-layer capacitances, C dl , for a circuit that has a CPE 48 : where ω max is the maximum frequency value at the imaginary part of the EIS range. The electrochemical parameter values such as n , R s , R p , C dl , Y 0 , and η E /% (inhibition capacity) of DS036 and DS038 were attained from EIS and recorded in Table 2 .…”

Advanced Protective Films Based on Binary ZnO-NiO@polyaniline Nanocomposite for Acidic Chloride Steel Corrosion: An Integrated Study of Theoretical and Practical Investigations

“…Q CPE represents the double–layer capacitance associated with the MS alloy/solution interface. The impedance of CPE is defined as follows [ 50 , 51 ]: where Y 0 expresses the CPE admittance, n is a deviation index, j (√−1) is the imaginary number, and ω stands for the angular frequency ( ω = 2π f ). The CPE is equivalent to the real capacitance for n = 1 and the resistance for n = 0.…”

Significant applications of an affordable and simply prepared portable carbon‐based potentiometric sensor for the highly selective and sensitive determination of Cu(II) ions released from food contact materials

“…Despite the presence of various and numerous methods for the analysis of copper ions like spectrophotometry, 6–9 chromatography, 10–13 inductively coupled plasma, 14–17 and atomic absorption spectroscopy, 18–20 most of these methods are expensive, need well‐trained analyst, require sample pretreatment, and need a relatively large space since they mostly utilized large instruments. Ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs), sometimes called potentiometric sensors, have become the subject of many research works due to their desirable characteristics such as simple preparation steps, robustness in operation, small size, and low cost, in addition to their great accuracy and low detection limit 21–23 . Carbon paste electrode (CPE) as one kind of ISE has a wide range of applications due to its great advantages such as long lifetime, low cost, high mechanical strength, rapid response time, chemical stability, and low ohmic resistance 24,25 ; in contrast, polyvinylchloride‐based electrodes need preconditioning for a long time, the ionophore and the plasticizer can leach easily, and they have low mechanical strength and low stability at high temperatures 26,27 .…”

“…Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), sometimes called potentiometric sensors, have become the subject of many research works due to their desirable characteristics such as simple preparation steps, robustness in operation, small size, and low cost, in addition to their great accuracy and low detection limit. [21][22][23] Carbon paste electrode (CPE) as one kind of ISE has a wide range of applications due to its great advantages such as long lifetime, low cost, high mechanical strength, rapid response time, chemical stability, and low ohmic resistance 24,25 ; in contrast, polyvinylchloride-based electrodes need preconditioning for a long time, the ionophore and the plasticizer can leach easily, and they have low mechanical strength and low stability at high temperatures. 26,27 According to the literature survey, there are not any ISEs available for the determination of copper released from food contact materials.…”