Potential Natural Small Molecular Compounds for the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Overview

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major diseases threatening human life and health. According to the report released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, COPD has become the third leading cause of death in the world, featuring a sustainable growth of incidence rate as well as population age. The purpose of this review focuses on the advancement of bioactive natural compounds, such as baicalin, quercetin, resveratrol, and curcumin, which demonstrate promising therapeutic/interventional effects on CODP in vitro and in vivo. Information emphasizing on COPD was systematically collected from several authoritative internet databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley Online Library, and Europe PMC, with a combination of keywords containing “COPD” and “natural small molecular compounds”. The new evidence indicated that these valuable molecules featured unique functions in the treatment of COPD through various biological processes such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-airway fibrosis. Moreover, we found that the promising effects of these natural compounds on COPD were mainly achieved through JAK3/STAT3/NF-κB and MAPK inflammatory signaling pathways, Nrf2 oxidative stress signaling pathway, and TGF-β1/Smad 2/3 fibrosis signaling pathway, which referenced to multiple targets like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, TIMP-1, MMP, AKT, JAK3, IKK, PI3K, HO-1, MAPK, P38, ERK, etc. Current challenges and future directions in this promising field are also discussed at the end of this review. For the convenience of the readers, this review is divided into ten parts according to the structures of potential natural small molecular compounds. We hope that this review brings a quick look and provides some inspiration for the research of COPD.

Pharmacological effects of baicalin in lung diseases

“…Baicalin has a variety of biological effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties ( Li et al, 2022 ). Mouse and cell models were stimulated by cigarette smoke (CS) and CS extract to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of baicalin on COPD.…”

Recent advances in natural small molecules as drug delivery systems

“…Most of the NSM compounds discovered so far possess some biological activity. [108][109][110] Therefore, NSMs with self-assembled or co-assembled functions have attracted a lot of attention as drug delivery systems in various fields. So far, NSM compounds have been applied as drug delivery carriers in various diseases, such as antitumor therapy, liver protection, anti-diabetic applications, etc.…”

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis rats treated with cryptotanshinone

“…It is important to obtain more effective drugs due to adverse reactions and the limited effectiveness of existing drugs in preventing and treating fibrosis. Additionally, recent studies ( Li et al, 2022 ) reveal that various natural small-molecule compounds have certain therapeutic effects on pulmonary fibrosis, so developing natural small-molecule compounds is important.…”