Potential roles of Toxocara canis larval excretory secretory molecules in immunomodulation and immune evasion

Abou-El-Naga, Iman F.; Mogahed, Nermine Mogahed Fawzy Hussein

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106784

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The life cycle of Toxocara spp. is characterized by its complexity (Figure 2) [64][65][66]. In dogs, usually under six months of age, the full life cycle of parasites includes a lung larval phase, followed by the development of adult worms in the small intestine.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, dogs older than six months of age can acquire a patent infection by T. canis. This phenomenon occurs after infection with a low number of infected eggs or infection with larvae through the consumption of raw meat from infected paratenic hosts [65]. Subsequently, infected puppies lay immature eggs through their feces in the environment, resulting in environmental contamination [64][65][66][67][68][69].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This phenomenon occurs after infection with a low number of infected eggs or infection with larvae through the consumption of raw meat from infected paratenic hosts [65]. Subsequently, infected puppies lay immature eggs through their feces in the environment, resulting in environmental contamination [64][65][66][67][68][69]. This is followed by the process of maturation of the eggs into third-stage larvae inside them [65].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Who Let the Dogs Out? Unmasking the Neglected: A Semi-Systematic Review on the Enduring Impact of Toxocariasis, a Prevalent Zoonotic Infection

Henke,

Ntovas,

Xourgia

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Toxocariasis remains an important neglected parasitic infection representing one of the most common zoonotic infections caused by the parasite Toxocara canis or, less frequently, by Toxocara cati. The epidemiology of the disease is complex due to its transmission route by accidental ingestion of embryonated Toxocara eggs or larvae from tissues from domestic or wild paratenic hosts. Even though the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control classified toxocariasis amongst the top six parasitic infections of priority to public health, global epidemiological data regarding the relationship between seropositivity and toxocariasis is limited. Although the vast majority of the infected individuals remain asymptomatic or experience a mild disease, the infection is associated with important health and socioeconomic consequences, particularly in underprivileged, tropical, and subtropical areas. Toxocariasis is a disease with multiple clinical presentations, which are classified into five distinct forms: the classical visceral larva migrans, ocular toxocariasis, common toxocariasis, covert toxocariasis, and cerebral toxocariasis or neurotoxocariasis. Anthelmintic agents, for example, albendazole or mebendazole, are the recommended treatment, whereas a combination with topical or systemic corticosteroids for specific forms is suggested. Prevention strategies include educational programs, behavioral and hygienic changes, enhancement of the role of veterinarians, and anthelmintic regimens to control active infections.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Who Let the Dogs Out? Unmasking the Neglected: A Semi-Systematic Review on the Enduring Impact of Toxocariasis, a Prevalent Zoonotic Infection

Henke,

Ntovas,

Xourgia

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…Одним з найнебезпечніших і найпоширеніших зооантропогельмінтозів є токсокароз. Захворювання викликається паразитуванням у тонкому кишечнику нематод Toxocara canis та міграцією личинок і характеризується тривалим рецидивуючим перебігом та поліорганним ураженням імунологічної природи (Maizels, 2013;Río-Araiza et al, 2018;Abou-El-Naga & Mogahed, 2023). Значущість токсокарозу в патології людини безперервно зростає у зв'язку зі збільшенням поголів'я собак, велика частка яких є безпритульними.…”

Section: вступunclassified

Monitoring studies of the spread of toxocarosis in dogs in the city of Poltava

Pallayová

2023

SMLNUVMB

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Most types of helminths are widespread in many countries and severely threaten human health. One of the most dangerous zooanthropohelminthiases is toxocarosis. The causative agent of toxocarosis – the nematode Toxocara canis in the imaginal stage parasitizes in the small intestine of carnivores and the larval stage (Visceralis larva migrans) – in various organs and tissues of animals and humans. Toxocarosis has both veterinary and social significance. Toxocara canis larvae can migrate in the human body and cause various pathologies: hepatitis, encephalitis, chorioretinitis. The purpose of the research was to analyze data from the reporting documentation of the Poltava Veterinary Center regarding the prevalence of toxocarosis among the domestic dog population. According to the results of the analysis of the statistical data of the reporting documentation of the veterinary center of the Shevchenkivskyi district of the city of Poltava for 2019–2022, it was established that the average infestation of dogs by the causative agent of toxocarosis in the territory of the city of Poltava is 22.89 %, with a range from 17.51 to 28.02 %. The share of toxocarosis in the total parasitic pathology diagnosed in dogs was 27 %. The mestizos were the most affected by the causative agent of toxocarosis, where the extent of invasion was 29.26 %. A lower rate of toxocares was found in dogs of decorative (24.05 %), service (21.24 %), and hunting (18.56 %) breeds. In particular, the highest values of the extent of infestation were found in Yorkshire terriers (39.71 %). Less often, toxocarosis was diagnosed in toy terriers (extent of infestation – 19.12 %), English cocker spaniels (19.83 %), dachshunds (18.03 %), pugs (16.37 %), Jack Russell terriers (15.82 %) and pickiness (12.6 %). Seasonal dynamics of toxocarosis in dogs are characterized by the peak of invasion in the spring and autumn periods, where the infection rates of animals were at 35.0 and 30.0 %, respectively. The extent of toxocarosis infestation declined in winter – by 12.0 %. The obtained data indicate the relevance of the problem of toxocarosis as a zooanthroponous invasion in connection with the significant damage to domestic dogs by toxocares in the city of Poltava.

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“…Remembering "The Iceberg Model" within the diagnosis of a problematic situation in public health, where only the tip of the iceberg (the observable cases of direct correspondence to the infectious agent) correspond to 10% of the true magnitude of the problem [9], we can understand the real importance of toxocariasis. Toxocara is associated with alterations in the immune system's response to vaccines for various preventable infectious and contagious pathologies (e.g., rabies), in addition to a series of autoimmune diseases [10][11][12][13][14]. Additional studies indicate that CT may represent a major cause of lung dysfunction, cognitive disturbances, and intellectual deficits in children living in poverty [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Control of Toxocariasis in Communities

A. Jaramillo-Hernández

2024

Infectious Diseases

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With the purpose of understanding the complexity of actions aimed at controlling the main zoonotic soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the world, this book chapter is proposed around the comprehensive control of toxocariasis in urban communities. From the understanding of the epidemiological cycle implicit in the vertical transmission of parasites of the genus Toxocara in their main urban definitive hosts (canines and felines), an action that allows a “perpetuity” of the parasite in urban areas, passing through the inextricable relationships of synanthropic hosts until reaching their paratenic or accidental hosts, humans. At the same time, control strategies will be discussed in the various links of its transmission/infection chain, demonstrating that preventive medicine supported by selective strategic deworming in canines and felines within their various age ranges is the fundamental pillar in the fight against this parasitosis. Likewise, exploring the substantial advances in the development of vaccinology to integrate new strategies in the comprehensive control of toxocariasis in communities.

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Potential roles of Toxocara canis larval excretory secretory molecules in immunomodulation and immune evasion

Cited by 7 publications

References 159 publications

Who Let the Dogs Out? Unmasking the Neglected: A Semi-Systematic Review on the Enduring Impact of Toxocariasis, a Prevalent Zoonotic Infection

Who Let the Dogs Out? Unmasking the Neglected: A Semi-Systematic Review on the Enduring Impact of Toxocariasis, a Prevalent Zoonotic Infection

Monitoring studies of the spread of toxocarosis in dogs in the city of Poltava

Comprehensive Control of Toxocariasis in Communities

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