Potential Zoonotic Faecal Bacteria from Sunda Porcupine (Hystrix javanica ) and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles

Abstract

Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV) which spread widely in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. DENV is a single-positive strand RNA virus with a genome size of ± 11kb which encodes three structural proteins, seven non-structural proteins, and two untranslated regions (UTR). The non-structural protein-1 (NS1) of DENV is known to have important role in dengue pathogenesis also promising to be developed as dengue vaccine. Lately, novel vaccine approach by DNA immunization have given new perspective for a safe, stable, and immunogenic vaccine platform. Previously, we have successfully construct DNA vaccine encoding NS1 protein of DENV2 (pUNS1) which express recombinant NS1 protein in-vitro. Thus, in this current study the ability of pUNS1 to induce humoral immune response will be further analyzed by in mice immunization.
 Methods: Sixteen BALB/c mice aged of 4 weeks were immunized 3 times with 100 µg of pUNS1 or pUMVC4a on 2 week time interval. Blood sampling was carried out just before immunization and termination was done 2 week after last immunization. Titer from individual mice sera against DENV-2 were measure with in-house ELISA.
 Results: IgG against NS1 protein of DENV2 titer from mice group immunized with recombinant pUNS1 shown high ELISA absorbancies, 5 times higher than pUMVC4a group. This result suggest the ability of pUNS1 to induce humoral immune response against NS1 DENV-2 in-vivo.
 Conclusion: Recombinant pUNS1 can induce humoral immune response in mice.

Fecal Bacterial community and potential pathogens from Sunda Porcupine (Hystrix javanica) based on nanopore 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing

“…The genus Salmonella contains several species that can cause food borne gastrointestinal diseases [27]. Our study strengthens the result of the previous study [11,21], that Sunda porcupine is a natural reservoir of Salmonella. The bacteria also can be found in poultry, pigs, cattle, birds, reptiles, rodents and companion animals [28].…”

“…The previous report on fecal pathogenic bacteria in Sunda porcupine using culture and followed by 16s rRNA sequence analysis approaches, found that Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae were inhabiting the feces [11]. Salmonella was also found on the dorsal skin of Sunda porcupine [21].…”

“…Feces from Sunda porcupine was previously reported to harbor potential foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella, Listeria, Proteus miriabilis, Shigella flexneri and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae sub sp. similipneumoniae [11].…”

Morphological investigation of intestine structure of the Sunda Porcupine (Hystrix javanica)

“…Several reports showed that gastrointestinal diseases occur in porcupines, such as bacterial infections, including Proteus mirabilis and Shigella flexneri. It can also be affected by parasite infection, such as Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, Echinococcus ortleppi, Linguatula serrata, Trichuris sp, and Gireterakis girardi (Nugroho and Purwaningsih 2015;Rajabloo et al 2015;Hodžić et al 2018;Coppola et al 2020;Cavallero et al 2021;Nisa et al 2021). In order to support the captive breeding activity of the Sunda porcupine, the study of the digestive system is required.…”