“…ISEs are widely used primarily because of their simplicity, are relatively inexpensive, and significantly reduce analysis time compared to other techniques [ 30 ]. For the determination of the active ingredients of various pharmaceuticals, ISEs are usually prepared by incorporating the electroactive substances into polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based membranes [ 3 , 24 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ] or carbon paste membranes [ 35 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. Compared to PVC-based membranes, CPEs are not only faster and easier to fabricate, but also offer easier surface renewal, almost imperceptible ohmic resistance, and certainly more opportunities to modify the membrane composition to improve measurement selectivity [ 48 , 49 ].…”