Power‐Domain Based Dynamic Millimeter‐Wave Spectrum Access Techniques for In‐Building Small Cells in Multioperator Cognitive Radio Networks toward 6G

Abstract

Power-domain based dynamic spectrum access (PDSA) techniques are proposed for sharing 28 GHz spectrum of any Mobile Network Operator (MNO) with in-building small cells (SCs) of the other countrywide. By controlling the transmission power of SCs, PDSA techniques explore the traditional interweave access by operating an SC at the maximum transmission power and the underlay access by allowing to operate an SC at a lowered transmission power separately, as well as jointly. Average capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, cost efficiency, and throughput per SC user equipment (UE) are derived for an arbitrary number of MNOs in a country. By varying the spectrum reuse factor for the millimeter-wave spectrum in each building of SCs, extensive numerical and simulation results and analyses for an illustrative scenario of a country consisting of four MNOs are carried out for the interweave and underlay techniques when applying separately, as well as the hybrid interweave-underlay technique and the static licensed spectrum allocation (SLSA) technique. It is shown that, due to gaining more shared spectra, the hybrid interweave-underlay technique provides the best, whereas the SLSA provides the worst, performances of all techniques in terms of the average capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, cost efficiency, and throughput per UE of an SC. Moreover, we show that the hybrid interweave-underlay technique, the interweave technique, and the underlay technique, respectively, can satisfy the expected requirements of spectral and energy efficiencies for Sixth-Generation (6G) networks by reusing each MNO’s 28 GHz spectrum to SCs of about 33.33%, 50%, and 50% less number of buildings than that required by the SLSA for a spectrum reuse factor of six per building of small cells.

BlockCRN-IoCV: Secure Spectrum Access and Beamforming for Defense Against Attacks in mmWave Massive MIMO CRN in 6G Internet of Connected Vehicles

“…The authors proposed a power domain-based dynamic spectrum access approach to control transmission power for building small cells in [34]. 28 GHz spectrum is allocated to the mobile network operator (MNO), which is known as the primary MNO.…”

“…• The trust value of the vehicles in the network was computed by the fusion center by incorporating the TOPSIS Beamforming in ultra-dense network Reinforcement learning algorithm Insecure beamforming [31] Secure Beamforming Power allocation policy Insufficient beamforming security [32] Interference less Beamforming Bi-LSTM Inaccurate CSI [33] Multiuser Beamforming Deep Neural Network High Attack Threats Spectrum Sensing and Access [34] Dynamic spectrum access Proactive and reactive techniques Poor spectrum access [35] Spectrum allocation Deep reinforcement algorithm High spectrum allocation latency [36] Dynamic spectrum access and allocation QAM modulation and Lagrange method Low performance of spectrum allocation [37] QoS aware spectrum access ANN algorithm Poor spectrum access efficiency [38] Detection of false sensing Dempster-Shafer theory Partially overcome the malicious SUs method; however, it faced difficulties in maintaining the consistency of the decision.…”

Dynamic Allocation and Sharing of Millimeter-Wave Spectrum with Indoor Small Cells in Multioperator Environments toward 6G

“…In line with so, by exploiting either time, frequency, or power domain, recently, numerous researches have addressed the dynamic spectrum access issue. For example, in [28], the authors have proposed a power domain-based dynamic spectrum access technique by controlling the transmission power of in-building small cells of any MNO in a country considering that each MNO is allocated to an equal amount of the 28-GHz spectrum. Similarly, by exploiting the power domain, the authors in [29] have proposed a technique to share dynamically the whole countrywide 28-GHz spectrum to small cells of each MNO in a country subject to satisfying the maximum cochannel interference limit experienced from a small cell of one MNO to a small cell of another within each apartment of a building.…”

“…Similarly, by exploiting the power domain, the authors in [29] have proposed a technique to share dynamically the whole countrywide 28-GHz spectrum to small cells of each MNO in a country subject to satisfying the maximum cochannel interference limit experienced from a small cell of one MNO to a small cell of another within each apartment of a building. Unlike [28], the whole countrywide spectrum has been considered available 2…”

“…Mobile Information Systems to each MNO resulting in avoiding the spectrum allocation at the primary level. Furthermore, unlike [28,29], the authors have proposed a dynamic spectrum access technique to get access to the whole countrywide spectrum by small cells of each MNO by applying the time domain in [21] and the frequency domain in [30] CCI interference avoidance technique among small cells of different MNOs when attempting to get access to the whole 28-GHz spectrum. Like [29], no primary-level spectrum allocation among MNOs countrywide has been considered in [21,30] as well.…”