PPAR agonists as effective adjuvants for COVID-19 vaccines, by modifying immunogenetics: a review of literature

AbdelMassih, Antoine; Menshawey, Rahma; Ismail, Jumana H.; Husseiny, Reem; Husseiny, Yousef; Yacoub, Shenoda; Kamel, Aya; Hozaien, Rafeef; Yacoub, Elaria; Menshawey, Esraa; Abdelmalek, Abanoub; Abouelazaem, Ahmed; Elhatw, Ahmed; Aboelmaaty, Ahmed; Shahib, Alaaelrahman; Mansour, Amany H.; Kamal, Amr; Mohamed, Basant M.; Atif, Bemen; Ghabreal, Beshoy; Abdelmalak, Catherine; Ibrahim, David R.; Elsaify, Ebtesam; Magdy, Farah; Hanna, Farid G.; Hafez, Hadeer; Dahir, Hafsa; Merhom, Kerlos; Ahmed, M. K.; Bishara, Mariam; Tawfik, Mina; Youssef, Mina; Sharnouby, Mohamed El; Hamouda, M M; Ammar, Musheera; Ali, Nada; Daniel, Nada; El-Husseiny, Nadine; Abdelraouf, Noha; Abdelhameed, Nuran K.; Ahmed, Radwa; Othman, Radwa; Mohamadein, Rahma; Allam, Rana; Elgendy, Rana; Shebl, Rana; Elsherbiney, Saged; Fouad, S.S.; Emel, Sara; Owais, Sara; Hetta, Sarah; El-Saman, Samah; Abdelalim, Shaimaa; Galal, Sherin; Asar, Yara; Osman, Yara; Khalaf, Yasmeen; Aziz, Youstina; Khafagy, Yousra; Gamal, Nervana; Castaldi, Biagio

doi:10.1186/s43141-021-00179-2

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Studies have pointed towards prominent roles of PPAR-α and PPAR-γ in inflammation and metabolic regulation [ 230 ]. PPARs have an established immune-modulatory role, and the use of PPAR as adjuvants to vaccines for COVID-19 has been prescribed due to their role in enhancing immunologic memory [ 231 ].…”

Section: Covid-19 and Neurodegenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Peek into Pandora’s Box: COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration

Chandra¹,

Johri²

2022

Brain Sciences

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Ever since it was first reported in Wuhan, China, the coronavirus-induced disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has become an enigma of sorts with ever expanding reports of direct and indirect effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on almost all the vital organ systems. Along with inciting acute pulmonary complications, the virus attacks the cardiac, renal, hepatic, and gastrointestinal systems as well as the central nervous system (CNS). The person-to-person variability in susceptibility of individuals to disease severity still remains a puzzle, although the comorbidities and the age/gender of a person are believed to play a key role. SARS-CoV-2 needs angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for its infectivity, and the association between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 leads to a decline in ACE2 activity and its neuroprotective effects. Acute respiratory distress may also induce hypoxia, leading to increased oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Infection of the neurons along with peripheral leukocytes’ activation results in proinflammatory cytokine release, rendering the brain more susceptible to neurodegenerative changes. Due to the advancement in molecular biology techniques and vaccine development programs, the world now has hope to relatively quickly study and combat the deadly virus. On the other side, however, the virus seems to be still evolving with new variants being discovered periodically. In keeping up with the pace of this virus, there has been an avalanche of studies. This review provides an update on the recent progress in adjudicating the CNS-related mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential to incite or accelerate neurodegeneration in surviving patients. Current as well as emerging therapeutic opportunities and biomarker development are highlighted.

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Section: Covid-19 and Neurodegenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Peek into Pandora’s Box: COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration

Chandra¹,

Johri²

2022

Brain Sciences

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“…In the meantime, studies to evaluate the possibility of adding adjuvants to these vaccines would be desirable. Some interesting theoretical data derive from studies that have analyzed the ability of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists to improve immunological memory [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccine effectiveness depends on immunological memory [48]. Short-lived plasma cells are generated during responses in extrafollicular B cell foci, while LLPCs are generated in T-dependent GC responses to protein antigens.…”

Section: Immune Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines and Long-Lived Plasma Cells: A Complicated Relationship

Giannotta

2021

Vaccines

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mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have hegemonized the world market, and their administration to the population promises to stop the pandemic. However, the waning of the humoral immune response, which does not seem to last so many months after the completion of the vaccination program, has led us to study the molecular immunological mechanisms of waning immunity in the case of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. We consulted the published scientific literature and from the few articles we found, we were convinced that there is an immunological memory problem after vaccination. Although mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated to induce antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs) in the human population, there is no evidence that these vaccines induce the production of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), in a SARS-CoV-2 virus naïve population. This obstacle, in our point of view, is caused by the presence, in almost all subjects, of a cellular T and B cross-reactive memory produced during past exposures to the common cold coronaviruses. Due to this interference, it is difficult for a vaccination with the Spike protein alone, without adjuvants capable of prolonging the late phase of the generation of the immunological memory, to be able to determine the production of protective LLPCs. This would explain the possibility of previously and completely vaccinated subjects to become infected, already 4–6 months after the completion of the vaccination cycle.

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“…Interestingly, a recent study proposes PPARα and PPARγ agonists as adjuvants for COVID-19 vaccine, thanks to their ability to enhance both B and T memory cells through different mechanisms [ 75 ].…”

Section: Ppars In Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PPAR Ligands Induce Antiviral Effects Targeting Perturbed Lipid Metabolism during SARS-CoV-2, HCV, and HCMV Infection

Fantacuzzi

Amoroso

Ammazzalorso

2022

Biology

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The manipulation of host metabolisms by viral infections has been demonstrated by several studies, with a marked influence on the synthesis and utilization of glucose, nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids. The ability of virus to perturb the metabolic status of the infected organism is directly linked to the outcome of the viral infection. A great deal of research in recent years has been focusing on these metabolic aspects, pointing at modifications induced by virus, and suggesting novel strategies to counteract the perturbed host metabolism. In this review, our attention is turned on PPARs, nuclear receptors controlling multiple metabolic actions, and on the effects played by PPAR ligands during viral infections. The role of PPAR agonists and antagonists during SARS-CoV-2, HCV, and HCMV infections will be analyzed.

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PPAR agonists as effective adjuvants for COVID-19 vaccines, by modifying immunogenetics: a review of literature

Cited by 16 publications

References 57 publications

A Peek into Pandora’s Box: COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration

A Peek into Pandora’s Box: COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration

mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines and Long-Lived Plasma Cells: A Complicated Relationship

PPAR Ligands Induce Antiviral Effects Targeting Perturbed Lipid Metabolism during SARS-CoV-2, HCV, and HCMV Infection

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