PPARγ Regulates Macrophage Polarization by Inhibiting the JAK/STAT Pathway and Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury In Vivo

PPAR‐γ regulates the polarization of M2 macrophages to improve the microenvironment for autologous fat grafting

“…On days 14–28, M2 macrophages in Group R became predominant; they released anti‐inflammatory factors such as TGF‐β and started tissue regeneration and repair. In a mouse myocardial ischemia model, PPAR‐γ was observed to regulate macrophage polarization through the inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway 19 . Therefore, we believe that macrophages can inhibit inflammation and promote the survival of adipose grafts by promoting the polarization of M2 macrophages.…”

“…In a mouse myocardial ischemia model, PPAR-γ was observed to regulate macrophage polarization through the inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway. 19 Therefore, we believe that macrophages can inhibit inflammation and promote the survival of adipose grafts by promoting the polarization of M2 macrophages. However, blindly increasing M2 macrophages is not beneficial for the survival of adipose grafts and may even aggravate adipose tissue fibrosis 58 and inhibit the adipogenic process.…”

“…The results of a large number of animal model and clinical studies have demonstrated that PPAR‐γ can act as a regulator of cell inflammation or angiogenesis, alleviating tissue or organ ischemia and hypoxia 16 . More importantly, PPAR‐γ can inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines during macrophage polarization through dependent or independent mechanisms to exert anti‐inflammatory effects 17–19 . Rosiglitazone, a PPAR‐γ agonist, has been widely used in the clinic 20 and has anti‐inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antioxidant properties 21,22 .…”

“…16 More importantly, PPAR-γ can inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines during macrophage polarization through dependent or independent mechanisms to exert antiinflammatory effects. [17][18][19] Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, has been widely used in the clinic 20 and has anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antioxidant properties. 21,22 In regulating adipose differentiation, rosiglitazone also plays an important role in inducing the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), thereby promoting the survival and retention of fat grafts.…”