Pre Eclampsia and Iron Status: A Review

Kandi, Sabitha; Sudhakar, T; Ramadevi, C; Venugopal, Balaji; Rajkumar, .; Rafi,; Ramana, K V

doi:10.12691/ajmbr-2-6-1

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The answer is almost certainly that it is a leakage molecule from damaged cells (126), and when in serum it is found to have lost its iron content (782–785). Serum ferritin is, as expected, raised during PE (244, 246, 249, 253, 255, 786, 787) and in many other inflammatory diseases (126), including infection [e.g., Ref. (788, 789) and above].…”

Section: Proteomic and Similar Biomarkers – Circulating And Placentalsupporting

confidence: 74%

A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Preeclampsia

Kell

Kenny

2016

Front. Med.

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Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex, multisystem disorder that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. Four main classes of dysregulation accompany PE and are widely considered to contribute to its severity. These are abnormal trophoblast invasion of the placenta, anti-angiogenic responses, oxidative stress, and inflammation. What is lacking, however, is an explanation of how these themselves are caused. We here develop the unifying idea, and the considerable evidence for it, that the originating cause of PE (and of the four classes of dysregulation) is, in fact, microbial infection, that most such microbes are dormant and hence resist detection by conventional (replication-dependent) microbiology, and that by occasional resuscitation and growth it is they that are responsible for all the observable sequelae, including the continuing, chronic inflammation. In particular, bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, are well known as highly inflammagenic and stimulate an innate (and possibly trained) immune response that exacerbates the inflammation further. The known need of microbes for free iron can explain the iron dysregulation that accompanies PE. We describe the main routes of infection (gut, oral, and urinary tract infection) and the regularly observed presence of microbes in placental and other tissues in PE. Every known proteomic biomarker of “preeclampsia” that we assessed has, in fact, also been shown to be raised in response to infection. An infectious component to PE fulfills the Bradford Hill criteria for ascribing a disease to an environmental cause and suggests a number of treatments, some of which have, in fact, been shown to be successful. PE was classically referred to as endotoxemia or toxemia of pregnancy, and it is ironic that it seems that LPS and other microbial endotoxins really are involved. Overall, the recognition of an infectious component in the etiology of PE mirrors that for ulcers and other diseases that were previously considered to lack one.

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Section: Proteomic and Similar Biomarkers – Circulating And Placentalsupporting

confidence: 74%

A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Preeclampsia

Kell

Kenny

2016

Front. Med.

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“…Iron in preeclampsia pregnant women in the present study reduced significantly (p<0.05) against normotensive pregnant women (Control). This is inconsistent with the increase reported by Kandi et al [43], who noted that the raised serum iron levels in turn alters the iron related parameters like total iron binding capacity(TIBC), serum ferritin, transferrin, and percent saturation; and the work of Rayman et al [44]. Raffeeinia et al [45] noted that copper is an important trace element which takes part in structure of many enzymes like lysyl oxidase, cytochrome coxidase, tyrosinase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, peptidylgly-cine alpha-amidating monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, ceruloplasmin, and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Trace Elements, Antioxidants, Uric Acid, C-Reactive Proteins and Estrogen Levels of Preeclamptic Pregnant Women in Owerri, Nigeria

Constance

Eze

Nosiri

et al. 2019

AJMAH

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Aims: The present study investigated levels of trace elements, antioxidants, uric acid, C-reactive proteins and estrogen in preeclamptic pregnant women in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria using patients from Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and specialists Hospital in Owerri, Nigeria. Study Design: A total of 350 pregnant women between the ages of 20-40 years from two known hospitals in Owerri were examined for the study. The examined pregnant women were group into 160 normotensive pregnant women as control and 190 preeclamptic pregnant women. Results and Discussion: Results obtained for serum trace elements revealed significant decrease (p<0.05) in preeclamptic pregnant women against normotensive pregnant women. Antioxidant vitamins C and E; and estrogen significantly decreased (p<0.05) in preeclamptic pregnant women against normotensive pregnant women. Uric acid and C-reactive protein levels increased in preeclamptic pregnant women against normotensive pregnant women. The decrease in trace elements could be linked to development of preeclampsia since some of these trace elements perform antioxidant function. Increased antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation could be behind the reduced levels of vitamins C and E, and estrogen in preeclamptic pregnant women against normotensive pregnant women. Conclusion: This study has revealed the trace elements, antioxidants, uric acid, C-reactive proteins, and estrogen levels of preeclamptic pregnant women in Owerri, Nigeria.

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“…The answer is almost certainly that it is a leakage molecule from damaged cells [119], and when in serum it is found to have lost its iron content [723–726]. Serum ferritin is, as expected, raised during PE [237; 239; 242; 246; 248; 727; 728] and in many other inflammatory diseases [119], including infection (e.g. [729; 730] and above).…”

Section: Proteomic and Similar Biomarkers-circulating And Placentalmentioning

confidence: 88%

A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Pre-Eclampsia¹

Kell

Kenny

2016

Preprint

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Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a complex, multi-system disorder that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. Four main classes of dysregulation accompany PE, and are widely considered to contribute to its severity. These are abnormal trophoblast invasion of the placenta, anti-angiogenic responses, oxidative stress, and inflammation. What is lacking, however, is an explanation of how these themselves are caused.We here develop the unifying idea, and the considerable evidence for it, that the originating cause of PE (and of the four classes of dysregulation) is in fact microbial infection, that most such microbes are dormant and hence resist detection by conventional (replication-dependent) microbiology, and that by occasional resuscitation and growth it is they that are responsible for all the observable sequelae, including the continuing, chronic inflammation. In particular, bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, are well known as highly inflammagenic and stimulate an innate (and possibly trained) immune response that exacerbates the inflammation further. The known need of microbes for free iron can explain the iron dysregulation that accompanies PE. We describe the main routes of infection (gut, oral, urinary tract infection) and the regularly observed presence of microbes in placental and other tissues in PE. Every known proteomic biomarker of “pre-eclampsia” that we assessed has in fact also been shown to be raised in response to infection. An infectious component to PE fulfils the Bradford Hill criteria for ascribing a disease to an environmental cause, and suggests a number of treatments, some of which have in fact been shown to be successful.PE was classically referred to as endotoxaemia or toxaemia of pregnancy, and it is ironic that it seems that LPS and other microbial endotoxins really are involved. Overall, the recognition of an infectious component in the aetiology of PE mirrors that for ulcers and other diseases that were previously considered to lack one.Insight, innovation, integrationMany descriptors of pre-eclampsia are widely accepted (e.g. abnormal trophoblast invasion, oxidative stress, inflammation and altered immune response, and anti-angiogenic responses). However, without knowing what causes them, they do not explain the syndrome. The Biological Insight of this manuscript is that there is considerable evidence to the effect that each of these phenomena (hence PE) are caused by the resuscitation of dormant bacteria that shed (known and potent) inflammagens such as LPS, often as a consequence of iron availability. PE is thus seen as a milder form of sepsis. The Technological Innovations come from the use of molecular markers (of microbes and omics more generally, as well as novel markers of coagulopathies) to measure this. The Benefit of Integration comes from bringing together a huge number of disparate observations into a unifying theme.

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Pre Eclampsia and Iron Status: A Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Preeclampsia

A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Preeclampsia

Trace Elements, Antioxidants, Uric Acid, C-Reactive Proteins and Estrogen Levels of Preeclamptic Pregnant Women in Owerri, Nigeria

A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Pre-Eclampsia¹

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Pre Eclampsia and Iron Status: A Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Preeclampsia

A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Preeclampsia

Trace Elements, Antioxidants, Uric Acid, C-Reactive Proteins and Estrogen Levels of Preeclamptic Pregnant Women in Owerri, Nigeria

A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Pre-Eclampsia1

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A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Pre-Eclampsia¹