Precardiac mesoderm is specified during gastrulation in quail

Abstract

The establishment of precardiac mesoderm and the role of anterolateral endoderm and ectoderm in regulating heart muscle cell development have been studied in quail using explant cultures. Mesoderm from precardiac regions of stage 4+-6 embryos was explanted alone or in combination with adjacent endoderm or ectoderm, cultured for 12 to 72 hr in several types of culture media, and then assayed by morphological and immunocytochemical criteria for the presence of differentiated cardiac myocytes. Results show that mesoderm from heart forming regions is capable of differentiating into beating cardiac myocytes in a defined medium lacking potential signaling molecules by stage 4+, the earliest time at which we could isolate mesoderm from adjacent cell layers. Although an interaction with anterolateral endoderm from stage 4 + onward is therefore not required for the specification of precardiac mesoderm in quail, explants consisting of mesoderm plus endoderm show an enhanced rate of myocyte differentiation and a shortened delay between expression of myosin heavy chain and the onset of beating. Endoderm also plays a central role in early heart morphogenesis since beating heart tubes form only in explants that contain both mesoderm and endoderm. In contrast, ectoderm from stage 4+-5+ embryos does not support development of precardiac mesoderm. These results suggest that early heart muscle cell development involves an initial specification step that occurs prior to or during gastrulation and which leads to the appearance of myocardial precursor cells, and a subsequent differentiation step during which endoderm plays a central role in enhancing the rate of myocyte differentiation and the degree of heart tube morphogenesis. o

Nitric oxide modulates murine yolk sac vasculogenesis and rescues glucose induced vasculopathy

“…During this stage, blood island formation occurs and iNOS localized to the visceral endoderm, the major secretory layer that sends inductive signals to the mesoderm (Antin et al, 1994;Jollie, 1990;Wilt, 1965). The endoderm has been demonstrated to be required for normal blood island formation, affecting endothelial cell differentiation (Miura and Wilt, 1969;Bielinska et al, 1996).…”

Stem cells and the formation of the myocardium in the vertebrate embryo

“…These tissue explants could be either cultured under diverse conditions or inserted into various regions of a second embryo, and then assayed for various cell phenotypes. Explants of precardiac mesoderm placed in culture inevitably give rise to cardiac tissue Ladd et al, 1998;Eisenberg and Eisenberg, 1999), although the presence of the adjacent endoderm is required for the formation of a full contractile phenotype (Antin et al, 1994;Sugi and Lough, 1994). The apparent unavoidability of cardiac differentiation by cultured precardiac mesoderm does not necessarily imply that these cells are fully committed to become myocardium.…”

Wnt antagonism initiates cardiogenesis in Xenopus laevis

“…Heart induction in Xenopus resembles the same process in avians, in which the cardiogenic mesoderm, located on either side of the anterior primitive streak, is induced by interactions with underlying definitive endoderm (Antin et al 1994;Sugi and Lough 1994;Schultheiss et al 1995).…”