Precipitation-lyophilization-homogenization (PLH) for preparation of clarithromycin nanocrystals: Influencing factors on physicochemical properties and stability

The relevancy of controlled nanocrystallization on rifampicin characteristics and cytotoxicity

“…37 On the contrary, it was noticed that lecithin and SLS were able to form NS with a nonsignificant difference in particle size (~414 nm), as both surfactants prevented particle agglomeration via electrostatic repulsion. Morakul et al 38 reported that SLS stabilized clarithromycin NS and reduced its particle size to 851 nm in comparison to other surfactants. Moreover, Gao et al achieved the formation of curcumin NS with the smallest particle size (250 nm) using lecithin as a stabilizer.…”

Effect of drug physico-chemical properties on the efficiency of top-down process and characterization of nanosuspension

“…Although the transition occurred in this case, the chemical and physical stability of nanosuspension was not significantly influenced [42]. In another study of clarithromycin, the commercially available form II, that is, the thermodynamically stable form, could be transformed to the less stable form I and partially amorphous state after performing an HPH process [59].…”

“…For example, glibenclamide nanosuspensions were processed by two different combinative technologies, that is, spraydrying + HPH and freeze-drying + HPH, whereby only 5 --10 cycles were needed to obtain a smaller particle size than that produced by 20 cycles using standard HPH [25]. Similar phenomena, that is, improved performance by using combinative technologies, were also observed for ibuprofen [55], clarithromycin [59] and hydrocortisone acetate [45]. In addition, ultra-small particle sizes (< 100 nm) are very difficult to obtain by using standard top-down technologies, regardless whether WBM or HPH is applied.…”

“…Reduced C (centrifuge) [83] Hydrocortisone C WBM 105 min 300 C [83] Hesperetin HPH 30 cyc 1500 bar 301 [84] Ibuprofen C 41.69 cavi-Prec 10 cyc 1200-1300 bar 304 C [60] Isradipine Partial A and C I, C II (FD) [59] Quercetin C 50.1 cavi-Prec 10 min 500 bar 470 C [80] Sequence of APIs is arranged by the particle sizes (from small to large) in nanosuspensions. Amorphicity or reduced crystallinity is in bold.…”

Solubilities of four macrolide antibiotics in supercritical carbon dioxide and their correlations using semi-empirical models

“…In addition, it is sometimes used to treat legionellosis, Helicobacter pylori, and lyme disease. Recently there has been research towards whether Clarithromycin can be used to effectively treat idiopathic hypersomnia [11,12].…”