Precision Vaccine Development: Cues From Natural Immunity

Abstract

Traditional vaccine development against infectious diseases has been guided by the overarching aim to generate efficacious vaccines normally indicated by an antibody and/or cellular response that correlates with protection. However, this approach has been shown to be only a partially effective measure, since vaccine- and pathogen-specific immunity may not perfectly overlap. Thus, some vaccine development strategies, normally focused on targeted generation of both antigen specific antibody and T cell responses, resulting in a long-lived heterogenous and stable pool of memory lymphocytes, may benefit from better mimicking the immune response of a natural infection. However, challenges to achieving this goal remain unattended, due to gaps in our understanding of human immunity and full elucidation of infectious pathogenesis. In this review, we describe recent advances in the development of effective vaccines, focusing on how understanding the differences in the immunizing and non-immunizing immune responses to natural infections and corresponding shifts in immune ontogeny are crucial to inform the next generation of infectious disease vaccines.

Shaping neonatal immunization by tuning delivery of synergistic adjuvants via nanocarriers

“…Previously, we have demonstrated that cGAMP is a promising adjuvant candidate for early life immunization 13 . We have also demonstrated that optimization of vaccine formulation and delivery route can enhance the adjuvanticity potential of TLR7/8 agonists (e.g., CL075) 1,3 , specifically by encapsulation within PEG-b-PPS nanocarriers 12 . Our team has validated PEG-b-PPS PSs for nontoxic adjuvant delivery to mice with enhanced targeted uptake by DCs and monocytes [10][11][12] .…”

“…Collimated X-rays with 10 keV (wavelength λ = 1.24 Å) was utilized to measure samples. Sample measurement was performed in the q-range 0.001 to 0.5 Å - 1 , which was calibrated using silver behenate. The final scattering data of samples was obtained using PRIMUS 2.8.2 software after subtracting solvent buffer scattering from sample scattering.…”

“…New vaccine strategies and formulations are needed to provide improved protection for vulnerable populations, such as infants and older adults (i.e., elderly) 1 . Adjuvants are critical components of vaccine formulations that can significantly increase immunization efficacy, primarily by functioning as agonists of pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) to stimulate innate immune cells.…”

Whole-Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine: Reflections on Efficacy

“…Zurita et al [ 65 , 66 ] have demonstrated that an outer membrane vesicle-based vaccine was able to induce long-term T RM memory cells as well as protect mice against pertactin-deficient B. pertussis isolates. Replacing aluminum adjuvant in aP vaccine may enhance vaccine response and prolong protective immunity [ 67 ]. This includes the use of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist (2, 4, 7, 9) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) [ 68 ].…”

Shaping Neonatal Immunization by Tuning the Delivery of Synergistic Adjuvants via Nanocarriers

“…New vaccine strategies and formulations are needed to provide improved protection for vulnerable populations, such as infants and older adults (i.e., elderly). 1 Adjuvants are critical components of vaccine formulations that can significantly increase immunization efficacy, primarily by functioning as agonists of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to stimulate innate immune cells. However, most adjuvanted vaccine formulations are not rationally selected or tailored to account for age-associated differences in innate immune responses, often resulting in suboptimal hyporesponsiveness and/or immunosenescent differences in translational vaccine outcomes.…”