Preconcentration by dithiocarbamate extraction for determination of trace elements in natural waters by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Preconcentration and Speciation of Chromium in Water Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Cloud-Point Extraction

“…The direct determination of chromium in water may not be possible with sufficient sensitivity by also using expensive analytical methods, such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 2 or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry 3 because of low concentrations and/or matrix interferences.…”

“…For this purpose, various separation and preconcentration methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction, 2,3 coprecipitation, 4,5 ion exchange, 6-8 adsorption [9][10][11][12] and solid-phase extraction, 10,[13][14][15] have been developed. In recent years, several methods for the preconcentration and separation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) have been developed by using a micelle-mediated methodology.…”

Seasonal variation of vanadium concentration in Lake Biwa, Japan.

“…Analytical method used was essentially the same as reported previously (Sugiyama et al, 1986) and some efforts for elimination of contamination were made additionally.…”

A novel method for fast enrichment and monitoring of hexavalent and trivalent chromium at the ppt level with modified silica MCM-41 and its determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

“…The direct determination of chromium in water may not be possible with sufficient sensitivity by also expensive analytical methods such as inductively coupled plasma atomic optical spectrometry (ICP OES) 6 or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) 1 because of low concentrations and/or matrix interferences. For this purpose, various separation and pre-concentration methods such as liquid-liquid extraction 1,6 , coprecipitation 3,7 , ion exchange [8][9][10] and adsorption [11][12][13][14] have been developed.…”