Preconditioning paradigms and pathways in the brain.

Abstract

Preconditioning is a phenomenon in which the brain protects itself against future injury by adapting to low doses of noxious insults. Preconditioning stimuli include ischemia, low doses of endotoxin, hypoxia, hypothermia and hyperthermia, cortical spreading depression, anesthetics, and 3-nitropropionic acid, among others. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying preconditioning has been elusive, but NMDA receptor activation, nitric oxide, inflammatory cytokines, and suppression of the innate immune system appear to have a role. Elucidation of the endogenous cell survival pathways involved in preconditioning has significant clinical implications for preventing neuronal damage in susceptible patients. All authors reported that they have no financial relationships that pose a potential conflict of interest with this article.

Toll-like receptor 3 agonist Poly I:C protects against simulated cerebral ischemia in vitro and in vivo

“…IPC is believed to trigger the most effective form of intrinsic neuroprotective mechanism [1,2] . A better understanding of this endogenous neuroprotective mechanism could help in the development of prophylactic strategies in high-risk populations for pathological cerebrovascular events and neurosurgical procedures.…”

Molecular Mechanisms of Development of Cerebral Tolerance to Ischemia (Review. Part 2)

“…В совокупности указанные меха-низмы приводят к некрозу постсинаптических нейронов, что вносит существенный вклад в формирование зоны инфаркта [6]. Показано, что многие индукторы ишеми-ческой толерантности ГМ вызывают умеренную стиму-ляцию NMDA-рецепторов глутаматом, что в дальнейшем приводит к адаптации потенциал-зависимых кальци-евых каналов и уменьшению кальциевой перегрузки во время тестовой ишемии [7]. Кроме того, введение антагонистов NMDA-рецепторов блокирует формиро-вание ишемической толерантности нейронов, вызванной временным снижением концентрации глюкозы и напря-жения кислорода [8].…”

Nitrite and Nitric Oxide as Potential Diagnostic Markers in Acute Vascular Diseases

“…In the 1980's, it was discovered that a series of short-duration ischemic events in advance of a longer-duration ischemic insult could confer significant protection. Preconditioning by ischemic tolerance was first identified in the heart, and was subsequently found to occur in the brain and a variety of organs including the liver, intestine, kidney, and lung [38]. Preconditioning stimuli include ischemia, low doses of endotoxin, hypoxia, hypothermia and hyperthermia, cortical spreading depression, anesthetics, and 3-nitropropionic acid, among others.…”