Predation in bird populations

Cresswell, Will

doi:10.1007/s10336-010-0638-1

Cited by 252 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…Predation and competition are major processes shaping species communities (Cresswell 2010). The Caspian gull is much larger than the native waterbirds and may predate on their broods and outcompete native species from breeding islets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An invasive gull displaces native waterbirds to breeding habitats more exposed to native predators

et al. 2014

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The effect of invasive opportunistic predators may include population changes in both native prey and native predators as well as alteration of predator-prey interactions. We analyzed the activity of native magpie Pica pica and changes in population, nest sites and nesting success probability of native waterbirds (namely: grebes, ducks, rails and native gulls) in response to the population growth of the invasive Caspian gull Larus cachinnans. The study was carried out at a reservoir in southern Poland and at a similar control reservoir where the Caspian gull was absent. Both the invasive gulls and the native magpie are opportunistic predators of nests of native waterbirds. The population increase of the invasive gull led to a decline in the population of native black-headed gulls Larus ridibundus only. However, the invasive gull displaced all the native species from the breeding islets located in the central part of the reservoir to islets located close to the shoreline. The latter were frequently visited by magpies, which depredated on nests along the shores, leading to an up to threefold decrease in nesting success as compared with nests located in the central area of the invaded reservoir. Predation by Caspian gulls was rarely observed. Thus, the invasion of Caspian gull caused complex direct and indirect effects on the waterbird community that included competition for breeding sites, changes in the spatial distribution of nests and alteration of predation rate by native predators. Moreover, the effects of invasion may not be reflected by changes in population size of native species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is generally believed that the activity of native predators may limit the effect of invaders (Cresswell 2010). Juliano et al (2010) showed that native predators reduced the population of invasive species and enabled native prey to survive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An invasive gull displaces native waterbirds to breeding habitats more exposed to native predators

et al. 2014

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“…We suggest that, in reality, in the presence of nonlethal or indirect predator effects, predation and starvation mortality cannot be considered separately, so widespread ideas of compensatory or additive mortality become largely meaningless concepts. Instead, these two causes of mortality will represent different end points that may result from an individual being anywhere along a continuum of combined starvation and predation mortality risk; whether a prey individual has died of one or another cause may be largely due to chance (Cresswell 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting population‐level risk effects of predation from the responses of individuals

MacLeod

Learmonth

et al. 2014

Ecology

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Abstract. Fear of predation produces large effects on prey population dynamics through indirect risk effects that can cause even greater impacts than direct predation mortality. As yet, there is no general theoretical framework for predicting when and how these population risk effects will arise in specific prey populations, meaning that there is often little consideration given to the key role predator risk effects can play in understanding conservation and wildlife management challenges. Here, we propose that population predator risk effects can be predicted through an extension of individual risk trade-off theory and show for the first time that this is the case in a wild vertebrate system. Specifically, we demonstrate that the timing (in specific months of the year), occurrence (at low food availability), cause (reduction in individual energy reserves), and type (starvation mortality) of a population-level predator risk effect can be successfully predicted from individual responses using a widely applicable theoretical framework (individual-based risk trade-off theory). Our results suggest that individual-based risk trade-off frameworks could allow a wide range of population-level predator risk effects to be predicted from existing ecological theory, which would enable risk effects to be more routinely integrated into consideration of population processes and in applied situations such as conservation.

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“…Predators exert one of the most important evolutionary pressures on their prey, either directly through mortality or indirectly by affecting the foraging success, condition, and reproductive success of prey (Lima and Dill 1990;Cresswell 2008Cresswell , 2011. Several defense mechanisms have evolved to avoid being detected by a predator and to reduce mortality risk once detected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antipredator behavior: escape flights on a landscape slope

et al. 2014

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Few studies have reported flight responses of prey on landscape slopes in the wild, and little theoretical work is available. We present a formal model to predict whether prey should move up or down the hillside after detecting a perched raptor as determined by the duration of the attack once launched by the predator, perching height of the predator, and the landscape slope. We recorded escape responses of blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus and great tits Parus major when approached by a human in the field. This was done in the postfledging period, when the demand for food is high, and when the families usually move to a new site, presumably perceived to be safer, to continue foraging after being exposed to a predator. We found that great tit families, which prefer to forage close to the ground, flew uphill, matching the model's prediction. However, blue tit families, which forage higher in the canopy, did not move uphill but moved higher up in the trees. Vertical movement upward may be the safest option if the predator is located on the ground. Modeling escape flights may encourage detailed studies of attack and escape behaviors in animals and provide insights in predatorprey interactions in general.

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Predation in bird populations

Cited by 252 publications

References 113 publications

An invasive gull displaces native waterbirds to breeding habitats more exposed to native predators

An invasive gull displaces native waterbirds to breeding habitats more exposed to native predators

Predicting population‐level risk effects of predation from the responses of individuals

Antipredator behavior: escape flights on a landscape slope

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