2013
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061487
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Predictability of Painful Stimulation Modulates the Somatosensory-Evoked Potential in the Rat

Abstract: Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) are used in humans and animals to increase knowledge about nociception and pain. Since the SEP in humans increases when noxious stimuli are administered unpredictably, predictability potentially influences the SEP in animals as well. To assess the effect of predictability on the SEP in animals, classical fear conditioning was applied to compare SEPs between rats receiving SEP-evoking electrical stimuli either predictably or unpredictably. As in humans, the rat’s SEP incre… Show more

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Cited by 8 publications
(6 citation statements)
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References 37 publications
(55 reference statements)
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“…One potential example relates to the observation that the shock-only group has greater (but not significantly greater) Fos induction than the fear conditioning group. If it proves to be significant, it is possible this greater induction could be a consequence of the unpredictability of painful stimuli, since unpredictability is a potent pain modulator that can influence neuronal activity throughout the brain (Carlsson et al 2006;Oka et al 2010;Schaap et al 2013). Precise estimates of our statistical power and how it relates to the magnitude of expected changes are difficult to estimate, but more automated methods should soon enable type II error to be dramatically reduced.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One potential example relates to the observation that the shock-only group has greater (but not significantly greater) Fos induction than the fear conditioning group. If it proves to be significant, it is possible this greater induction could be a consequence of the unpredictability of painful stimuli, since unpredictability is a potent pain modulator that can influence neuronal activity throughout the brain (Carlsson et al 2006;Oka et al 2010;Schaap et al 2013). Precise estimates of our statistical power and how it relates to the magnitude of expected changes are difficult to estimate, but more automated methods should soon enable type II error to be dramatically reduced.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is the first report of a reduction in amplitude and duration of spinal SEPs induced by a heterotopic counter irritation. SEP amplitude has been associated with pain sensation [9,10]; thus, it should mean a reduction in pain sensation. There are partial similarities to the DNIC process in: (1) it is triggered by noxious stimuli applied to widespread areas of the body; (2) the inhibition outlasts the duration of the noxious stimulus; (3) there is a close relationship between the strength of the diffuse noxious stimulus and the resulting inhibition [19] and; (4) it is diffuse in nature [23].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials activated by high intensity electrical stimuli applied to peripheral tissue have been associated with the processing of noxious stimuli, showing a direct proportion between pain sensation and wave amplitude [9,10]. The spinal somatosensoryevoked potentials (SEP) offer the possibility to evaluate the neuronal network behavior because they are the result from postsynaptic activity of different sets of neurons.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…primary and secondary somatosensory cortex) would increase, which leads to better discriminative processing of nociceptive stimuli (Carlsson et al ., 2000, 2006). In contrast, in both humans and rats, when pain cannot be anticipated with certainty, there would be increased anxiety and hyperalgesia, along with greater physiological arousal (Oka et al ., 2010; Schaap et al ., 2013; Labrenz et al ., 2016). When pain is unpredictable, individuals have greater anxiety, which exacerbates the subjective perception of pain intensity as well as neuronal responses to constant pain stimulation (Ploghaus et al ., 2001).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%