Predicting craving among cocaine users

Silveira, Dartiu Xavier da; Doering-Silveira, Evelyn; Niel, Marcelo; Jorge, Miguel Roberto

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.02.022

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…32,33 Some studies have evaluated craving in response to different routes of administration of cocaine and have shown that the frequency of craving is higher in individuals dependent on crack cocaine than among those dependent on powder cocaine. 34,35 Although our study did not demonstrate a difference in craving intensity throughout treatment between crack and powder cocaine users or between powder cocaine and dual users, dual users had a higher craving intensity than crack cocaine dependents. The route of administration likely has a strong influence on the immediacy, intensity, and duration of the pharmacological effect of the drug, which supports the hypothesis that the route of administration affects the development and maintenance of drug use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Role of personality traits in cocaine craving throughout an outpatient psychosocial treatment program

Ismael

Baltieri

2014

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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Objective: Cocaine dependence is a major international public health concern. Its chronically relapsing nature is possibly related to craving intensity, which can be influenced by diverse biological and psychological aspects. This study aimed to evaluate the role of different personality traits in craving measured throughout a psychosocial treatment program. Method: The sample comprised 66 cocaine-dependent outpatients who were enrolled in an individual and manualized cognitive-behavioral therapy program. The influence of personality traits on craving intensity, frequency, and duration was analyzed using a generalized estimating equations model with an autoregressive correlation structure. Results: Craving varied during treatment. The personality traits of novelty seeking, reward dependence, and harm avoidance interacted with craving intensity, and the personality trait of persistence interacted with craving duration throughout the treatment period. Furthermore, there were significant interactions between drug use and craving intensity, and between different routes of administration and craving intensity. Participants who used cocaine/crack while in treatment and concurrent users of crack (i.e., freebase) cocaine and powder cocaine also had a higher craving intensity. Conclusion: The extent of craving variation can depend on certain personality styles. This study shows that craving is influenced by personality traits, and this may presumably change clinical expression involved in disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Role of personality traits in cocaine craving throughout an outpatient psychosocial treatment program

Ismael

Baltieri

2014

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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“…Psychometric analyses of single-item measures of craving cannot be accurately calculated , although such instruments are still widely used in both clinical and research settings (e.g., Kiefer et al, 2005;Da Silveira et al, 2006; see also Sussner et al, 2006). The use of such measures also implies cravings manifest along a single dimension, such as the positive (appetitive) or negative (withdrawal-related) reinforcing effects associated with the drug (West and Schnneider, 1987;Wise, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Development and initial validation of a caffeine craving questionnaire

West

Roderique‐Davies

2007

J Psychopharmacol

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Craving for caffeine has received little empirical attention, despite considerable research into the potential for caffeine dependence. The main aim of this study was to develop, and initially validate, a multi-item, multidimensional instrument to measure cravings for caffeine. Participants were 189 caffeine consumers who completed the Questionnaire of Caffeine Cravings, which was based on the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU), in one of five naturally occurring periods of abstinence; 1-15 min; 16-120 mins; 3-7 h; 12-48 h and +48 h. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a three-factor solution best described the data; Factor 1 reflected strong desires, intentions and positive reinforcement; Factor 2 reflected mild/general positive and negative reinforcement and Factor 3 reflected functional/mood-based negative reinforcement. Significantly higher Factor 1 and Factor 2 scores were recorded for high frequency users; significantly higher Factor 1 and Factor 3 scores were recorded as a function of increased levels of dependence. Duration of abstinence did not significantly effect cravings across all three factors. Regression analyses suggested level of dependence best predicted both current cravings and frequency of daily use. These findings suggest caffeine cravings may be conceptualized multidimensionally and further validates the use of multidimensional, multi-item instruments. Cravings for caffeine may manifest and be detected across varying levels of dependence and, frequency of use and independently of duration of abstinence.

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“…In the case of this class of hightemperature steels, cracks spread intercrystallinically and in this case the size, shape and orientation of grains have a dominant influence on crack growth. These factors, as well as the fraction of elongated columnar grains, are the result of casting and solidification conditions [1][2][3][4] . As a result of improper centrifugal casting and solidification processes, an irregular macrostructure with majority of equiaxed crystals without elongated columnar crystals zone was detected.…”

Section: Figura 9 Imagen Del Inicio De La Rotura A) Sem; B) Eds Anámentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the thickness of the oxidized layer accompanied with porosity is relatively small. Thus, these factors probably cannot play a significant role in deterioration of the tube material properties and they are not of importance for weld repair [1][2][3] .…”

Section: Figura 9 Imagen Del Inicio De La Rotura A) Sem; B) Eds Anámentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructural analysis as the indicator for suitability of weld repairing of the heat resistant Cr - Ni steel

Odanović¹,

Blačić²,

Vračarić³

et al. 2010

REVMETAL

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Metallurgical evaluation was performed on a fractured column tube of the reformer furnace in an ammonia plant. The tubes were manufactured from centrifugally cast heat resistant steel HK 40. Optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for microstructural and fracture analysis. For composition determination of the microconstituents energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used. To evaluate mechanical properties, hardness and microhardness measurements were performed. Investigations based on the microstructural features with the idea to indicate suitability of weld repair of the column were performed in this study. It was observed that the crack initiation, caused by oxidation/corrosion and thermal stresses induced by temperature gradient, appeared in the inner side of the tube wall and propagation occurred along grain boundaries. The results clearly showed the presence of an irregular microstructure which contributed to crack propagation through the tube wall. An occurrence of precipitated needle-shaped carbides/carbonitrides and brittle σ phase was also identified in the microstructure. Results of the microstructural and fracture analysis clearly indicate that reformer furnace columns made of heat resistant steel HK 40 were unsuitable for weld repair. KeywordsMrostructural evaluation; Fracture analysis; Steel HK40; Weld repair. Análisis micro estructural como indicador de la idoneidad de reparación por soldadura de aceros al Cr-Ni resistentes al calor ResumenLa evaluación metalúrgica se realizó en un tubo de columna con fracturas, que es parte del horno reformador en una planta de amoníaco. Estos tubos son fundidos centrífugamente y fabricados en acero resistente al calor, de tipo HK-40. Para el análisis microestructural de la fractura se ha utilizado microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido (SEM). La composición de los micro-constituyentes se determinó por espectrometría de rayos X de energía dispersiva (EDS). Las propiedades mecánicas se evaluaron mediante mediciones de microdureza Vickers. Las investigaciones en este estudio se han llevado a cabo con el fin de demostrar la idoneidad de reparación por soldadura de columnas en base a sus características micro-estructurales. Se ha observado que el inicio de la rotura, causada por el efecto de la oxidación/corrosión y el choque térmico ocasionado por el gradiente de temperatura, aparece en la pared interna del tubo y se propaga a lo largo de los bordes de grano. Los resultados demuestran la presencia de una microestructura irregular que contribuyó a la propagación de la rotura a lo largo de la pared del tubo. En la microestructura también se ha registrado la formación da la precipitación de fases de carburo/carbón nitrito que aparecen en forma de agujas y fase σ frágil. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que la microestructura investigada no es idónea para aplicar la reparación por soldadura. Palabras claveEvaluación microestructural; Análisis de fractura; Acero de tipo HK40; Reparación por soldadura.

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Predicting craving among cocaine users

Cited by 17 publications

References 8 publications

Role of personality traits in cocaine craving throughout an outpatient psychosocial treatment program

Role of personality traits in cocaine craving throughout an outpatient psychosocial treatment program

Development and initial validation of a caffeine craving questionnaire

Microstructural analysis as the indicator for suitability of weld repairing of the heat resistant Cr - Ni steel

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