“…In recent years, there have been frequent occurrences of hearth burn through in China, which has reduced the campaign life, as shown in Figure 1b. [ 8–10 ] The campaign life of many large BFs is now only 3–9 years, which is far below their design life of 15–20 years. The main factor that reduces the campaign life of BFs is erosion of the refractory material that lines the hearth.…”
Erosion of the refractory materials in blast furnaces (BFs) greatly limits their campaign life, which seriously reduces the economic benefits of iron and steel plants and endangers workers. Therefore, it is important to detect and monitor the erosion process of refractory materials in the BF hearth. In this review, the mechanisms of physical damage, chemical corrosion, and mechanical erosion of BF hearths during BF operation are analyzed and summarized. In addition, the effects of hearth structure, refractory type, and protective layer on hearth erosion behavior and hearth life are analyzed and discussed. Some longevity technologies of BF hearths are analyzed and compared, such as reasonable hearth structure design, refractory selection, and technologies to form protective layers. Finally, some suggestions and prospects for the future development of long campaign life BF hearths are discussed.
“…In recent years, there have been frequent occurrences of hearth burn through in China, which has reduced the campaign life, as shown in Figure 1b. [ 8–10 ] The campaign life of many large BFs is now only 3–9 years, which is far below their design life of 15–20 years. The main factor that reduces the campaign life of BFs is erosion of the refractory material that lines the hearth.…”
Erosion of the refractory materials in blast furnaces (BFs) greatly limits their campaign life, which seriously reduces the economic benefits of iron and steel plants and endangers workers. Therefore, it is important to detect and monitor the erosion process of refractory materials in the BF hearth. In this review, the mechanisms of physical damage, chemical corrosion, and mechanical erosion of BF hearths during BF operation are analyzed and summarized. In addition, the effects of hearth structure, refractory type, and protective layer on hearth erosion behavior and hearth life are analyzed and discussed. Some longevity technologies of BF hearths are analyzed and compared, such as reasonable hearth structure design, refractory selection, and technologies to form protective layers. Finally, some suggestions and prospects for the future development of long campaign life BF hearths are discussed.
“…Machine learning methods have been widely used to predict BF operating parameters in recent years. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] By making full use of the large amount of data generated during the operation process, the prediction results are relatively accurate and have an excellent guiding significance for BF production. Chuanhou Gao [13] and Henrik Saxen [14] predicted the silicon content of molten iron in BF.…”
Table 2. Characteristic parameters selected under different thresholds. re Characteristic parameters 0.5 Coke M10, Theoretical alkalinity, Proportion of lump ore, Blast volume, Sinter particle size <5 mm, Sinter particle size >40 mm, SiO 2 content of sinter, S content of hot metal, Slag ratio, H 2 content, Si content of hot metal, Coke particle size <15 mm, Coke batch, Coke ratio 0.6 Blast temperature, Coke particle size 40-25 mm, Raceway flame temperature, Coke M10, Theoretical alkalinity, S content of hot metal, Slag ratio, H 2 content, Si content of hot metal, S content of hot metal, Sinter tumble strength, Coke particle size <15 mm, Coke batch, Coke ratio 0.7 Blast temperature, Coke particle size 4025 mm, Bottom center temperature, Raceway flame temperature, Coke M10, Theoretical alkalinity, Slag ratio, H 2
“…It is interesting to lower the SiO 2 input with alternative injection materials like biomass [7]. Models were developed based on this concept, simplifying the blast furnace model into sub-models, like the model of temperature against silicon content [8–12]. Figure 2. Reactions described by Steiler [6].…”
Silicon [Si] in hot metal is an impurity acting in the steel shop as an energy source that is released by oxidation during oxygen blowing in the converter. Preferred silicon concentration in hot steel is typically 0.4 wt-% (± 0.1 wt-%), helping predictable and low-cost processing. In practice, the Si concentration is difficult to control and may occasionally reach levels higher than 1 wt-%. The authors studied data from observations, samples and autopsies of a chilled blast furnace, a core drill and a furnace in operation. In addition, production data from a melting reduction pilot plant (HIsarna) and FactSage® calculations were used. The amount of FeO in the raceway, the area in which hot gas and powdered coal (PCI) are introduced in the blast furnace, in relation to [Si] in hot metal, is observed. The goal of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding about the mechanism of the dissolution of silicon in hot metal.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
