Prediction of eruptions using changes in composition of volcanic gases

Menyailov, I. A.

doi:10.1007/bf02596951

Cited by 48 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This result is i n agreement with our data on the eruptive plume, but it is interpreted by Faivre-Pierret et al [1980] as indicative of "deep degassing" on the basis of the theoretical laws of gas solubilities and on empirical observations of the C1/S ratio in volcanic gases [Menyailov, 1975]. In the light of our study the characterization of the degassing as "deep" or "shallow" inferred by the CI/S ratio has been reversed: the "deep" degassing yields an enrichment in chlorine with respect to sulfur.…”

Section: Chlorine and Sulfur Degassing At Mount Etnasupporting

confidence: 93%

Variations of Cl, F, and S in Mount Etna's plume, Italy, between 1992 and 1995

Pennisi¹,

Cloarec²

1998

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. This study investigates data on the C1, F, and S concentrations of plume-filter samples collected between 1992 and 1995 from Mount Etna. The samples were collected during eruptive and noneruptive activity and show fairly constant C1/F ratios but wide variation in the C1/S ratios. The determination of the C1/F ratio (between 5 and 14) allows an estimate of F degassing to be derived that ranges from 10 to 30% of the initial F content of the magma. The variation in the C1/S ratio fits an empirical two-stage degassing model where gas with high C1/S ratio is discharged during quiescient degassing and gas with low C1/S ratios is discharged during eruptive degassing. The typical permanent degassing occurs from a depth at which chlorine exsolution exceeds sulfur exsolution (C1/S> 1). The opposite of this behavior is observed during eruptive periods when significant sulfur degassing occurs because magma degasses at near atmospheric pressure (C1/SN0.1). The C1/S ratio in the plume, characterizing the type of degassing, has the potential to be a useful geochemical tool for monitoring the volcano.

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Section: Chlorine and Sulfur Degassing At Mount Etnasupporting

confidence: 93%

Variations of Cl, F, and S in Mount Etna's plume, Italy, between 1992 and 1995

Pennisi¹,

Cloarec²

1998

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Most investigations showed decreasing chlorine / sulphur (Cl / S) ratios prior to or during volcanic activity (e.g. Noguchi and Kamiya, 1963;Stoiber and Rose, 1970;Menyailov, 1975;Pennisi and Chloarec, 1998;Aiuppa et al, 2002). Nevertheless, careful interpretations and differentiated discussions on the data in context of the volcanic environment are necessary like e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bromine monoxide / sulphur dioxide ratios in relation to volcanological observations at Mt. Etna 2006–2009

Bobrowski

Giuffrida

2012

Solid Earth

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Abstract. Over a 3-yr period, from 2006 to 2009, frequent scattered sunlight DOAS measurements were conducted at Mt. Etna at a distance of around 6 km downwind from the summit craters. During the same period and in addition to these measurements, volcanic observations were made by regularly visiting various parts of Mt. Etna. Here, results from these measurements and observations are presented and their relation is discussed. The focus of the investigation is the bromine monoxide/sulphur dioxide (BrO / SO2) ratio, and its variability in relation to volcanic processes. That the halogen/sulphur ratio can serve as a precursor or indicator for the onset of eruptive activity was already proposed by earlier works (e.g. Noguchi and Kamiya 1963; Menyailov, 1975; Pennisi and Cloarec, 1998; Aiuppa et al., 2002). However, there is still a limited understanding today because of the complexity with which halogens are released, depending on magma composition and degassing conditions. Our understanding of these processes is far from complete, for example of the rate and mechanism of bubble nucleation, growth and ascent in silicate melts (Carroll and Holloway, 1994), the halogen vapour-melt partitioning and the volatile diffusivity in the melt (Aiuppa et al., 2009). With this study we aim to add one more piece to the puzzle of what halogen/sulphur ratios might tell about volcanic activities. Our data set shows an increase of the BrO / SO2 ratio several weeks prior to an eruption, followed by a decline before and during the initial phase of eruptive activities. Towards the end of activity or shortly thereafter, the ratio increases to baseline values again and remains more or less constant during quiet phases. To explain the observed evolution of the BrO / SO2 ratio, a first empirical model is proposed. This model suggests that bromine, unlike chlorine and fluorine, is less soluble in the magmatic melt than sulphur. By using the DOAS method to determine SO2, we actually observe most of the emitted sulphur of Mt.~Etna. Regarding bromine, however, we are aware that by determining only the bromine monoxide (BrO) radical we might just observe a small or even a variable fraction of the total emitted bromine, which is most probable originally in the form of HBr. Therefore, we present first studies to justify the assumption that, despite the disadvantage just mentioned, the BrO / SO2 ratio can nevertheless serve as a new parameter to indicate the state of a volcano, when measurements are conducted under certain, but rather convenient, conditions.

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“…Noguchi and Kamiya, 1963;Menyailov, 1975;Pennisi and Le Cloarec, 1998). This is due to the different solubility of volatiles in magma (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BrO/SO<sub>2</sub> molar ratios from scanning DOAS measurements in the NOVAC network

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The molar ratio of BrO to SO 2 is, like other halogen / sulfur ratios, a possible precursor for dynamic changes in the shallow part of a volcanic system. While the predictive significance of the BrO / SO 2 ratio has not been well constrained yet, it has the major advantage that this ratio can be readily measured using the remote-sensing technique differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) in the UV. While BrO / SO 2 ratios have been measured during several short-term field campaigns, this article presents an algorithm that can be used to obtain long-term time series of BrO / SO 2 ratios from the scanning DOAS instruments of the Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NO-VAC) or comparable networks. Parameters of the DOAS retrieval of both trace gases are given. The influence of coadding spectra on the retrieval error and influences of radiative transfer will be investigated. Difficulties in the evaluation of spectroscopic data from monitoring instruments in volcanic environments and possible solutions are discussed. The new algorithm is demonstrated by evaluating data from the NOVAC scanning DOAS systems at Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, encompassing almost 4 years of measurements between November 2009 and end of June 2013. This data set shows variations of the BrO / SO 2 ratio several weeks prior to the eruption on 30 June 2012.

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Prediction of eruptions using changes in composition of volcanic gases

Cited by 48 publications

References 12 publications

Variations of Cl, F, and S in Mount Etna's plume, Italy, between 1992 and 1995

Variations of Cl, F, and S in Mount Etna's plume, Italy, between 1992 and 1995

Bromine monoxide / sulphur dioxide ratios in relation to volcanological observations at Mt. Etna 2006–2009

BrO/SO<sub>2</sub> molar ratios from scanning DOAS measurements in the NOVAC network

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Prediction of eruptions using changes in composition of volcanic gases

Cited by 48 publications

References 12 publications

Variations of Cl, F, and S in Mount Etna's plume, Italy, between 1992 and 1995

Variations of Cl, F, and S in Mount Etna's plume, Italy, between 1992 and 1995

Bromine monoxide / sulphur dioxide ratios in relation to volcanological observations at Mt. Etna 2006–2009

BrO/SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; molar ratios from scanning DOAS measurements in the NOVAC network

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BrO/SO<sub>2</sub> molar ratios from scanning DOAS measurements in the NOVAC network