Prediction of the response to a selection  for canalisation of a continuous trait  in animal breeding

Sancristobal-Gaudy, M.; Elsen, Jean-Michel; Bodin, Loýs; Chevalet, Claude

doi:10.1051/gse:19980502

Cited by 50 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Modelling the log of variances has been applied in structural models to account for heterogeneity of variance between experimental units or farms (e.g. Foulley & Quaas, 1995;Foulley et al, 1998) and for genetic heterogeneity of environmental variance (SanCristobal-Gaudy et al, 1998 ;Sorensen & Waagepetersen, 2003).…”

Section: Quantitative Genetic Models (I) Alternative Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SanCristobal-Gaudy et al, 1998Sorensen & Waagepetersen, 2003;Mulder et al, 2009;Ro¨nnega˚rd et al, 2010). SanCristobal-Gaudy et al (1998) developed an EM-REML algorithm using expectationmaximisation and incorporating a structural model on the residual variance. In a structural model, fixed and random effects for both the mean and the log of Table 1.…”

Section: Statistical Analysis Of Large Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhang & Hill, 2005 b). In the breeding literature emphasis has been on how quickly V E could be reduced by artificial selection (SanCristobal-Gaudy et al 1998 ;Mulder et al, 2007 ;2008 ;Iba´n˜ez-Escriche et al, 2008a, b) and on the correlated response in V E with directional selection on phenotype (Hill & Zhang, 2004;Mulder et al, 2007). Here, we deal with theory that has been undertaken both at the level of individual genotypes and using the infinitesimal model.…”

Section: Effects Of Selection On Environmental Variancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To bring the mean closer to the optimum and decrease the variance around it, selection both on mean and variance is needed. SanCristobal-Gaudy et al (1998) derived an appropriate quadratic index, although a linearized selection index with updated weights can bring the mean to the optimum more rapidly (Mulder et al, 2008).…”

Section: (I) Stabilizing Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic analysis of environmental variation

2010

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SummaryEnvironmental variation (V E ) in a quantitative trait -variation in phenotype that cannot be explained by genetic variation or identifiable genetic differences -can be regarded as being under some degree of genetic control. Such variation may be either between repeated expressions of the same trait within individuals (e.g. for bilateral traits), in the phenotype of different individuals, where variation within families may differ, or in both components. We consider alternative models for defining the distribution of phenotypes to include a component due to heterogeneity of V E . We review evidence for the presence of genetic variation in V E and estimates of its magnitude. Typically the heritability of V E is under 10 %, but its genetic coefficient of variation is typically 20 % or more. We consider experimental designs appropriate for estimating genetic variance in V E and review alternative methods of estimation. We consider the effects of stabilizing and directional selection on V E and review both the forces that might be maintaining levels of V E and heritability found in populations. We also evaluate the opportunities for reducing V E in breeding programmes. Although empirical and theoretical studies have increased our understanding of genetic control of environmental variance, many issues remain unresolved.

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Section: Quantitative Genetic Models (I) Alternative Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statistical Analysis Of Large Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Selection On Environmental Variancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (I) Stabilizing Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic analysis of environmental variation

2010

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“…Sensitivity to the environment may also contribute to the environmental variance of a trait, which has been shown to be under genetic control (SanCristobal-Gaudy et al, 2001;Sorensen and Waagepetersen, 2003;Ros et al, 2004;Mulder et al, 2007 and2008;Mulder et al, 2009). The reduction of trait variance by genetic selection is also known as canalizing selection or canalization (SanCristobal-Gaudy et al, 1998;Bolet et al, 2007;Garreau et al, 2008;Bodin et al, 2010).…”

Section: Genetic Strategies Towards Robust Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding for robustness: the role of cortisol

Mormède

Foury

Terenina

et al. 2011

Animal

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Robustness in farm animals was defined by Knap as 'the ability to combine a high production potential with resilience to stressors, allowing for unproblematic expression of a high production potential in a wide variety of environmental conditions'. The importance of robustness-related traits in breeding objectives is progressively increasing towards the production of animals with a high production level in a wide range of climatic conditions and production systems, together with a high level of animal welfare. Current strategies to increase robustness include selection for 'functional traits', such as skeletal and cardiovascular integrity, disease resistance and mortality in various stages. It is also possible to use global evaluation of sensitivity to the environment (e.g. reaction norm analysis or canalization), but these techniques are difficult to implement in practice. The hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenocortical (HPA) axis is the most important stress-responsive neuroendocrine system. Cortisol (or corticosterone) released by the adrenal cortices exerts a large range of effects on metabolism, the immune system, inflammatory processes and brain function, for example. Large individual variations have been described in the HPA axis activity with important physiopathological consequences. In terms of animal production, higher cortisol levels have negative effects on growth rate and feed efficiency and increase the fat/lean ratio of carcasses. On the contrary, cortisol has positive effects on traits related to robustness and adaptation. For instance, newborn survival was shown to be directly related to plasma cortisol levels at birth, resistance to bacteria and parasites are increased in animals selected for a higher HPA axis response to stress, and tolerance to heat stress is better in those animals that are able to mount a strong stress response. Intense selection for lean tissue growth during the last decades has concomitantly reduced cortisol production, which may be responsible for the negative effects of selection on piglet survival. One strategy to improve robustness is to select animals with higher HPA axis activity. Several sources of genetic polymorphism have been described in the HPA axis. Hormone production by the adrenal cortices under stimulation by adrenocorticotropin hormone is a major source of individual differences. Several candidate genes have been identified by genomic studies and are currently under investigation. Bioavailability of hormones as well as receptor and post-receptor mechanisms are also subject to individual variation. Integration of these different sources of genetic variability will allow the development of a model for marker-assisted selection to improve animal robustness without negative side effects on production traits.

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Maintaining Genetic Variation in Fitness

Hill

Zhang²

2009

Adaptation and Fitness in Animal Populations

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Prediction of the response to a selection for canalisation of a continuous trait in animal breeding

Cited by 50 publications

References 10 publications

Genetic analysis of environmental variation

Genetic analysis of environmental variation

Breeding for robustness: the role of cortisol

Maintaining Genetic Variation in Fitness

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