Predictive Periodontitis: The Most Promising Salivary Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Periodontitis

Abstract

The primary cause of tooth loss in the industrialized world is periodontitis, a bacterial anaerobic infection whose pathogenesis is characterized by composite immune response. At present, the diagnose of periodontitis is made by a complete status check of the patient’s periodontal health; full-mouth plaque score, full-mouth bleeding score, probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, recessions, mobility, and migration are evaluated in order to provides a clear picture of the periodontal conditions of a single patient. Chair-side diagnostic tests based on whole saliva could be routinely used by periodontists for a very early diagnosis of periodontitis, monitoring, prognosis, and management of periodontal patients by biomarker detection, whose diagnostic validity is related to sensitivity and specificity. Recent paper reviews and meta-analyses have focused on five promising host derived biomarkers as candidate for early diagnosis of periodontitis: MMP-8 (Metalloproteinase-8), MIP-1α (Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha), IL-1 β (Interleukin-1 beta), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), and HB (Hemoglobin), and their combinations. Chair-side Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology may soon become an important part of efforts to detect such biomarkers in saliva medium to improve worldwide periodontal health in developed nations as well as in underserved communities and poor countries. Their applications in preventive and predictive medicine is now fundamental, and is aimed at the early detection of risk factors or the presence or evolution of the disease, and in personalized medicine, which aims to identify tailor-made treatments for individual patients. The aim of the present paper is to be informative about host derived periodontal biomarkers and, in particular, we intend to report information about the most important immune response derived biomarkers and Hemoglobin as candidates to be routinely utilized in order to obtain a chair-side early diagnosis of periodontal disease.

Periodontal Disease and Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Women: Which Correlation with Preterm and Low-Weight Birth?

“…Periodontal disease is one of the more common inflammatory diseases in the adult population, with an incidence varying from 5 to 30% [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Periodontal disease, initiated by bacterial biofilms, can cause the destruction of soft and hard periodontal tissues, consequently leading to tooth loss [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Periodontal disease produces inflammatory mediators and microbial products that can enter the systemic circulation through the mouth and reach distant organs [ 8 , 9 ].…”

“…Periodontal disease produces inflammatory mediators and microbial products that can enter the systemic circulation through the mouth and reach distant organs [ 8 , 9 ]. Indeed, several studies have shown a link between periodontal disease and some frequent systemic pathologies [ 10 ] such as diabetes [ 11 ], cardiovascular disease [ 12 , 13 ], respiratory disease [ 14 ], obesity [ 15 ], cancer [ 16 , 17 ], and preterm birth (PTB) [ 7 ]. Vitamin D is a secosteroid that can be ascribed to steroid hormones if considering its biological effects on several tissues [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Fixed Prosthetic Restorations and Periodontal Health: A Narrative Review

“…The differential microbial species and metabolites in the GCF among those with periodontal pathology and healthy subjects are potential biological indicators, indicating a possible approach to forecast, diagnose, and accomplish individualized periodontal treatment [ 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 ]. Periodontal pathology is related to misbalanced homeostasis in the oral tissues, microbial progression, and development of the dental biofilm on the dental prostheses.…”

Infective Endocarditis: A Focus on Oral Microbiota

“…Importantly, this succession from facultative to more anaerobe species is finally accountable for gingivitis and periodontitis etiology [10,71,77,79]. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to non-reversible damage of supportive tissues (cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone) surrounding the teeth and tooth loss [80,81]. Mechanistically, the increased concentration of pathogenic bacteria (dysbiosis) within the dental plaque activates a massive deleterious immune response [82].…”