“…Over time, the focus of symposia has shifted as research and management interests have responded to changes in macrophyte and aquatic ecosystem issues set against a landscape of broader global scale environmental, social, political and economic changes. The change in focus is visible when looking at the editorials, the table of contents or individual articles of the proceedings from past conferences (Caffrey et al, 1996(Caffrey et al, , 1999Caffrey et al, 2006;Pieterse et al, 2010;Ferreira et al, 2014;O'Hare et al, 2018). In concert with this response, the International Science Committee of the IAPG decided that every second symposium would be held outside of Europe to reflect the global nature of the issues faced and to foster collaboration.…”