Preferences and Ethical Principles in Decision Making

Loreggia, Andrea; Mattei, Nicholas; Rossi, Francesca; Venable, Kristen Brent

doi:10.1145/3278721.3278723

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The PCA verified the core competencies by defining three principal components named communication (communication skills, relationship management, conflict management), leadership (leadership and team management skills) and decision making (decision making and ethical principles), which would therefore constitute the competency factors to develop the role of a nurse manager in Spain ( Table 6). The strength of the eigenvalue confirms the importance of the relationship between decision making and ethical principles [75], the need for strong leadership in working groups [76] and communication as a fundamental element in conflict resolution [77]. By comparing the core competencies emerging from our research with the most relevant international studies into core competencies for nurse managers, we would find a shared factor with communication, which should indeed be presented as a shared factor [25,78,79].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Nurse Manager Core Competencies: A Proposal in the Spanish Health System

García

Pinto‐Carral

Villorejo

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Nurses who are capable of developing their competencies appropriately in the field of management are considered fundamental to the sustainability and improvement of health outcomes. These core competencies are the critical competencies to be developed in specific areas. There are different core competencies for nurse managers, but none in the Spanish health system. The objective of this research is to identify the core competencies needed for nurse managers in the Spanish health system. The research was carried out using the Delphi method to reach a consensus on the core competencies and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine construct validity, reducing the dimensionality of a dataset by finding the causes of variability in the set and organizing them by importance. A panel of 50 experts in management and healthcare engaged in a four-round Delphi study with Likert scored surveys. We identified eight core competencies from an initial list of 51: decision making, relationship management, communication skills, listening, Leadership, conflict management, ethical principles, collaboration and team management skills. PCA indicated the structural validity of the core competencies by saturation into three components (α Cronbach >0.613): communication, leadership and decision making. The research shows that eight competencies must be developed by the nursing managers in the Spanish health system. Nurse managers can use these core competencies as criteria to develop and plan their professional career. These core competencies can serve as a guideline for the design of nurse managers’ development programs in Spain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Nurse Manager Core Competencies: A Proposal in the Spanish Health System

García

Pinto‐Carral

Villorejo

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…However, they claim it impossible to specify ethical rulings that cover every possible scenario (Noothigattu et al, 2017 ). Loreggia et al propose an alternative method for encoding ethical rules within models of human moral behavior (Loreggia et al, 2018 ). Their proposed system uses CP-nets to evaluate whether human preferences are compatible with specified ethical principles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Loreggia et al continue to construct two alternative CP-nets, with the first over human moral preferences and the second over ethical principles. This formulation allows Loreggia et al to calculate the distance between both CP-nets and a way of measuring whether moral principles are “close enough” to ethical rules (Loreggia et al, 2018 ). However, questions remain over what set of ethical rules should be used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical and Statistical Considerations in Models of Moral Judgments

Sivill

2019

Front. Robot. AI

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This work extends recent advancements in computational models of moral decision making by using mathematical and philosophical theory to suggest adaptations to state of the art. It demonstrates the importance of model assumptions and considers alternatives to the normal distribution when modeling ethical principles. We show how the ethical theories, utilitarianism and deontology can be embedded into informative prior distributions. We continue to expand the state of the art to consider ethical dilemmas beyond the Trolley Problem and show the adaptations needed to address this complexity. The adaptations made in this work are not solely intended to improve recent models but aim to raise awareness of the importance of interpreting results relative to assumptions made, either implicitly or explicitly, in model construction.

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“…In Loreggia et al (2018b) the authors show how to use CP-nets modelling both subjective preferences and ethical principles, and also how to measure the deviation between these two guidelines. If a person's preferences suggest actions that are too unethical, the ethical boundary should kick in and suggest (or enforce) alternative actions that are ethical within a threshold.…”

Section: A Symbolic and Logic-based Approach: Using Cp-nets To Model mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The compromise is defined by setting a second threshold over distances between decisions of the two CP-nets. The ability to precisely quantify the distance between subjective preferences and external priorities, provides a way to both recognize deviations from feasibility or ethical constraints, and to suggest more compliant decisions (Loreggia et al 2018b;2018c).…”

Section: A Symbolic and Logic-based Approach: Using Cp-nets To Model mentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Ethically Bounded AI

Rossi¹,

Mattei

2019

AAAI

Self Cite

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The more AI agents are deployed in scenarios with possibly unexpected situations, the more they need to be flexible, adaptive, and creative in achieving the goal we have given them. Thus, a certain level of freedom to choose the best path to the goal is inherent in making AI robust and flexible enough. At the same time, however, the pervasive deployment of AI in our life, whether AI is autonomous or collaborating with humans, raises several ethical challenges. AI agents should be aware and follow appropriate ethical principles and should thus exhibit properties such as fairness or other virtues. These ethical principles should define the boundaries of AI’s freedom and creativity. However, it is still a challenge to understand how to specify and reason with ethical boundaries in AI agents and how to combine them appropriately with subjective preferences and goal specifications. Some initial attempts employ either a data-driven examplebased approach for both, or a symbolic rule-based approach for both. We envision a modular approach where any AI technique can be used for any of these essential ingredients in decision making or decision support systems, paired with a contextual approach to define their combination and relative weight. In a world where neither humans nor AI systems work in isolation, but are tightly interconnected, e.g., the Internet of Things, we also envision a compositional approach to building ethically bounded AI, where the ethical properties of each component can be fruitfully exploited to derive those of the overall system. In this paper we define and motivate the notion of ethically-bounded AI, we describe two concrete examples, and we outline some outstanding challenges.

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Preferences and Ethical Principles in Decision Making

Cited by 30 publications

References 3 publications

Nurse Manager Core Competencies: A Proposal in the Spanish Health System

Nurse Manager Core Competencies: A Proposal in the Spanish Health System

Ethical and Statistical Considerations in Models of Moral Judgments

Building Ethically Bounded AI

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