“…However, the anterior approach using autologous iliac crest bone has numerous problems such as persistent donorsite pain, graft bone collapse, pseudoarthrosis, and kyphotic deformity. 2,5,9,11,14,36,41) To overcome these problems, various implants using ceramic, 23,24,29,35) titanium, 1,6,10,[12][13][14][15][16][26][27][28]31,34,39,40,43,44,46) and carbon cages 7) have been developed. 45) Titanium cages are widely used because of the immediate good stabilization without donor site-related complications.…”