Preliminary notes on dermal leishmaniasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Kirk, Robert; Drew, C.

doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(38)90073-2

Cited by 26 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In Ethiopia, all forms of CL including diffused cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) are existed and the overall prevalence is ranging from 4% to 44% [ 7 – 10 ]. In Sudan where VL is hyperepidemic, CL is widely distributed in Kordufan, Darfur, and north of Khartoum [ 5 , 11 , 12 ]. Along the River Nile, north of Khartoum, LST survey revealed high prevalence of leishmaniasis accounting 94% of population [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Western Highlands in Yemen

Alkulaibi

Suleiman

Khalil

et al. 2019

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Leishmaniasis in Yemen is still not fully investigated nor well studied. Recently, outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in western highland were declared. However, there are no reports concerning the disease and the circulating species in the region. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Utmah district located in Western Highlands in Yemen. A cross-sectional survey was carried out at those highlands. For the survey, 1165 participants were subjected to Leishmanin Skin Test (LST) accompanied with direct interviews and physical examination. The overall prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the district was 18.5% and the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) was more frequent in the escarpments with a prevalence of 37%, including 5.5% for active lesion and 31.5% for scar of healed lesions. Children under the age of 16 years old comprised most of the CL cases (76.3%). The escarpments of western highlands in Yemen were hyperendemic areas for CL and the infection was more prevalent in children.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Western Highlands in Yemen

Alkulaibi

Suleiman

Khalil

et al. 2019

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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“…It was identified as a novel type of dermatological manifestation and the probable missing link between visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Later on, others also started reporting similar cases from various parts of India[ 2 3 4 ] and globe[ 5 6 ] and thus post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) came to fore and established its imprint in the natural history of leishmaniasis over the following decades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Post-Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis

Ghosh

Roy²,

Chaudhuri

et al. 2021

Indian Journal of Dermatology

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Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a cutaneous sequel of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar and has become an entity of epidemiological significance by virtue of its ability to maintain the disease in circulation during inter-epidemic periods. PKDL has been identified as one of the epidemiological marker of “kala-azar elimination programme.” Data obtained in 2018 showed PKDL distribution primarily concentrated in 6 countries, which includes India, Sudan, south Sudan, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Nepal in decreasing order of case-burden. In India, PKDL cases are mainly found in 54 districts, of which 33 are in Bihar, 11 in West Bengal, 4 in Jharkhand, and 6 in Uttar Pradesh. In West Bengal the districts reporting cases of PKDL cases include Darjeeling, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, and Murshidabad. The vulnerability on the young age is documented in various studies. The studies also highlights a male predominance of the disease but recent active surveillance suggested that macular form of PKDL shows female-predominance. It is recommended that along with passive case detection, active survey helps in early identification of cases, thus reducing disease transmission in the community. The Accelerated plan for Kala-azar elimination in 2017 introduced by Government of India with the goal to eliminate Kala-azar as a public health problem, targets to reduceing annual incidence <1/10,000. Leishmania donovani is the established causative agent, but others like L. tropica or L. infantum may occasionally lead to the disease, especially with HIV-co-infection. Dermal tropism of the parasite has been attributed to overexpression of parasite surface receptors (like gp 63, gp46). Various host factors are also identified to contribute to the development of the disease, including high pretreatment IL 10 and parasite level, inadequate dose and duration of treatment, malnutrition, immuno-suppression, decreased interferon-gamma receptor 1 gene, etc. PKDL is mostly concentrated in the plains below an altitude of 600 mts which is attributed to the environment conducive for the vector sand fly ( Phlebotumus ). Risk factors are also linked to the habitat of the sand fly. Keeping these things in mind “Integrated vector control” is adopted under National vector borne disease control programme as one of the strategies to bring down the disease burden.

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“…The first case of possible PKDL was described by Christopherson (1921). The first definite cases were reported by Kirk and Drew (1938). The number of cases might have been much greater than supposed until recently, or may have increased over time ( Zijlstra et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first cases of CL in Sudan described at the beginning of the 20th century had contracted the disease in Egypt ( Kirk and Drew 1938). The first reported autochthonous CL case was from the Nuba mountains ( Archibald 1911).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in the Sudan: a literature review with emphasis on clinical aspects

Osman

Kager

Oskam

2000

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryThe literature on the leishmaniases in the Sudan is reviewed with an emphasis on clinical aspects and on literature related to the recent outbreaks in the south and east of the country.The numbers of cases of subclinical infection and post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis in the recent outbreaks are remarkable. New diagnostic techniques have been introduced and evaluated, notably the direct agglutination test and polymerase chain reaction technology.The latter gives very promising results and further research into application of the technique is warranted.Treatment with pentavalent antimony is still satisfactory.The reservoir host has not been identified definitely.

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Preliminary notes on dermal leishmaniasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Western Highlands in Yemen

Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Western Highlands in Yemen

Epidemiology of Post-Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis in the Sudan: a literature review with emphasis on clinical aspects

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