Preliminary Studies on the Use of<i>n</i>-Butyl Chloride as an Extractant in a Drug Screening Procedure

Foerster, E. H.; Mason, Merle

doi:10.1520/jfs10084j

Cited by 55 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Path B is the most commonly encountered one in the literature and it is very efficient at extracting fentanyl and congeners from less complex matrices like urine or aqueous samples obtained from objects contaminated with the opioid. In this path, the basified sample is treated with 1-chlorobutane as originally described by Foerster and Mason in their landmark fentanyl extraction paper in 1974 [54] or treatment with another organic solvent like 2-methylbutane. Once the extraction is carried out and the organic phase isolated, this one is acidified (usually with sulfuric acid) to convert the opioid into its salt form.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review

Valdez

2021

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

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The rising number of deaths caused by fentanyl overdosing in the US due to the overwhelming illicit use of this synthetic opioid has started a global campaign to develop efficient ways to control its production and distribution as well as discovering efficient antidotes to mitigate its lethal effects. Another important vein of focused research established by various agencies lies in the development of efficient and practical protocols for the detection of this opioid and analogs thereof in various matrices, whether environmental or biological in nature, particularly in the field of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The following review will cover the literature dealing with the detection and identification of synthetic opioids belonging to the fentanyl class by GC-MS means and hyphenated versions of the technique. Detailed descriptions will be given for the GC-MS methods employed for the analysis of the opioid, starting with the nature of the extraction protocol employed prior to analysis to the actual findings presented by the cited reports. Great effort has gone into describing the methods involved in each paper in a detailed manner and these have been compiled by year in tables at the end of each section for the reader's convenience. Lastly, the review will end with concluding remarks about the state of GC-MS analysis with regards to these powerful opioids and what lies ahead for this analytical field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review

Valdez

2021

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

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“…Following lab protocol, when case specimens screened positive by the ELISA fentanyl assay, FTL used GC/MS following liquid basic-back-n-butyl chloride extraction [16]. The GC/MS instrument employed in the toxicology laboratory is an Agilent 6890 GC (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Wilmington, DE) equipped with a 5973 MSD run in the electron impact mode.…”

Section: Laboratory Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetyl Fentanyl, a Novel Fentanyl Analog, Causes 14 Overdose Deaths in Rhode Island, March–May 2013

et al. 2015

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“…Thus, fentanyl was spiked in urine (high = 10 ng/mL; low = 5 ng/ mL) and plasma (high = 20 ng/mL; low = 10 ng/mL) while acetylfentanyl was spiked in urine (high = 100 ng/mL; low = 20 ng/mL) and plasma (high = 200 ng/mL; low = 50 ng/mL). Liquid-liquid extraction of the spiked matrices was performed using 1-chlorobutane and following established protocols for their extraction in biological matrices [44]. Specifically, urine or plasma (1 mL) was combined with 1.32 M ammonium hydroxide (pH 12, 2 mL) and vortexed.…”

Section: Sample Preparation and Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis, identification and confirmation of synthetic opioids using chloroformate chemistry: Retrospective detection of fentanyl and acetylfentanyl in urine and plasma samples by EI-GC-MS and HR-LC-MS

Valdez

Leif²,

Corzett³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Electron Impact Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (EI-GC-MS) and High Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HR-LC-MS) have been used in the analysis of products arising from the trichloroethoxycarbonylation of fentanyl and acetylfentanyl in urine and plasma matrices. The method involves the initial extraction of both synthetic opioids separately from the matrices followed by detection of the unique products that arise from their reaction with 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl chloride (Troc-Cl), namely Troc-norfentanyl and Troc-noracetylfentanyl. The optimized protocol was successfully evaluated for its efficacy at detecting these species formed from fentanyl and acetylfentanyl when present at low and high levels in urine (fentanyl: 5 and 10 ng/mL and acetylfentanyl: 20 and 100 ng/mL) and plasma (fentanyl: 10 and 20 ng/mL and acetylfentanyl: 50 and 200 ng/mL), values that reflect levels reported in overdose victims. The HR-LC-MS method’s LOQ (limit of quantitation) for the Troc-norfentanyl and Troc-noracetylfentanyl products was determined to be ~10 ng/mL for both species. Even though the superiority in the detection of these species by HR-LC-MS over EI-GC-MS, the latter method proved to be important in the detection of the second product from the reaction, namely 2-phenylethyl chloride that is crucial in the determination of the original opioid. This observation highlights the importance of using complimentary analytical techniques in the analysis of a sample, whether biological or environmental in nature. The method herein serves as a complementary, qualitative confirmation for the presence of a fentanyl in collected urine, plasma and by extension other biological samples amenable to the common extraction procedures described for opioid analysis. More importantly, the method’s main strength comes from its ability to react with unknown fentanyls to yield products that can be not only detected by EI-GC-MS and HR-LC-MS but can then be used to retrospectively identify an unknown fentanyl.

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Preliminary Studies on the Use ofn-Butyl Chloride as an Extractant in a Drug Screening Procedure

Cited by 55 publications

References 3 publications

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review

Acetyl Fentanyl, a Novel Fentanyl Analog, Causes 14 Overdose Deaths in Rhode Island, March–May 2013

Analysis, identification and confirmation of synthetic opioids using chloroformate chemistry: Retrospective detection of fentanyl and acetylfentanyl in urine and plasma samples by EI-GC-MS and HR-LC-MS

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