Preliminary study of nitrite content in South Sulawesi uncleaned edible bird nest

Yusuf, Burhanuddin; Farahmida, P; Jamaluddin, Abdul Wahid; Amir, Muhammad Nur; Maulany, Risma Illa; Sari, Dwi Kesuma

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/486/1/012008

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Environmental factors can originate through the decay of organic material on the SFH floor [17]. The accumulation of high nitrite levels is influenced when Swiftlets build their nests [18]. Moreover, the formation of nitrite in EBN occurs through a natural process such as changes in nitrogen levels in the SFH environment [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary metagenomics study of bacteria present in the dirt of Swiftlet farmhouses based on nitrite levels in edible bird's nest on Sumatera Island, Indonesia

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: Since the past decade, metagenomics has been used to evaluate sequenced deoxyribonucleic acid of all microorganisms in several types of research. Nitrite contamination originates from the natural environment in Swiftlet farmhouses (SFHs) and can influence nitrite levels in edible bird's nest (EBN). It is strongly speculated that the conversion process into nitrite is influenced by the bacteria present in SFHs. Nitrite can cause adverse effects on human health. The previous research has focused on the characteristics of bacteria that may influence the nitrite conversion process in SFHs. This study aimed to a metagenomics analysis of bacteria present in the dirt of SFHs and evaluated nitrite levels in EBN on Sumatera Island. Materials and Methods: In total, 18 SFHs on Sumatera Island were selected, and EBN and dirt samples were collected from each SFH, resulting in 18 EBN and 18 dirt SFH samples. Raw uncleaned white EBN and dirt from three areas of SFH were collected. The samples were analyzed for nitrite levels using a spectrophotometer, and the metagenomics sequencing of SFH dirt samples was performed using the MinIon nanopore method. The sequenced data were analyzed using the EPI2ME software. Results: Of the 18 raw uncleaned white EBN samples, 9 (50%) had <30 ppm nitrite levels. The top five bacterial genera in SFH dirt samples in Group A (nitrite levels >30 ppm) were Aeromonas, Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Arcobacter, and Acetoanaerobium. Those in Group B (nitrite levels <30 ppm) were Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Escherichia, and Acinetobacter. There were 12 genera of nitrifying bacteria in Group A and 8 in Group B. The total cumulative read of nitrifying bacteria in Groups A and B were 87 and 38 reads, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first study to show that characteristic bacteria present in the dirt of SFHs might significantly influence the conversion from nitrogen to nitrite. Approximately 50% of raw uncleaned EBN samples had <30 ppm nitrite levels. Aeromonas was the most dominant bacterial genus found in Groups A and B. The variations in genus and cumulative reads nitrifying bacteria in group A were greater than those in Group B. This study provides information on the characteristics of bacteria that may influence the nitrite conversion process in SFHs. Metagenomics data were obtained from the reading using the software EPI2ME. Further research is needed on the bacterial target species that can convert nitrite in SFHs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary metagenomics study of bacteria present in the dirt of Swiftlet farmhouses based on nitrite levels in edible bird's nest on Sumatera Island, Indonesia

et al. 2022

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“…26/2020 concerning animal quarantine measures for the importation and exportation of edible bird's nests to and from within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. erefore, the business actor must consider three main conditions: traceability, clean EBN with a nitrite content of less than 30 ppm (Yusuf et al 2020), and heated to 70˚C for 3.5 seconds (Badan Karantina Pertanian, 2018). Also, the clean EBN should be negative for avian in uenza virus by PCR and negative for other pathogens such as Salmonella.…”

Section: Hygiene Personalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Safety Management System in Edible Bird’s Nest Industry: A Review

Ningrum

2023

JAVEST

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Background: Food safety management systems such as ISO 22000:2018 have many advantages in solving this newcomer industry's problems. It has enabled the edible bird’s nest industry to plan, implement, operate, maintain, and update an FSMS providing edible bird’s nest products and safe services. Purpose: This review article delineates the role of the food safety management system (FSMS) in improving quality control, production performance, and economic effects in the edible bird’s nest industry. Method: This study was a literature review that collected sources from books and journals. Results: Hence, the evaluation and assessment could be adequate to meet regulatory food safety requirements. FSMS possess division properties such as quality control, production, marketing, purchasing, general affair, human resources, warehouse, and maintenance. They also have veterinary control numbers and animals quarantine installation, enhancing the edible bird’s nest industry's overall quality control and production performance in Indonesia. Conclusion: The findings of the current review depicted the tremendous potential of cleaning development, which could be explored with the recent advancements in science and technology. The advantages of compelling communication of food safety issues from the FSMS ensure that the edible bird’s nest industry conforms to its stated food safety policy and relevant interested parties in fulfilling the trade requirements set by the export/importing destination country.

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“…In order to meet the requirements listed in the protocol, Indonesia stipulates that every EBN exported to China should have a traceability system, free from avian influenza, and its nitrite content should be less than 30 ppm ( Yusuf et al, 2020 ). Here is the guidelines provided by Indonesia which can be obtained from the website under Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia government - https://karantina.pertanian.go.id/media.php?module=home : 1) “Pedoman Persyaratan dan Tindakan Karantina Hewan Terhadap Sarang Walet dari Wilayah Negara Republik Indonesia ke Republik Rakyat Cina”- Guidelines for Animal Quarantine Requirements and Measures on EBN, including the traceability system; 2) “Pedoman Pemantauan Karantina Terhadap Pengeluaran Sarang Walet dari Wilayah Negara Republik Indonesia ke Republik Rakyat Tiongkok” - Quarantine and monitoring guidelines for the export of bird’s nest from the territory of the Republic of Indonesia to the People’s Republic of China; 3) “Pedoman Pemanasan Sarang Walet untuk Pengeluaran ke Negara Republik Rakyat Tiongkok” – Guidelines for Heat Treatment of EBN for Expenditure to the People’s Republic of China, to ensure free from avian influenza; 4) “Pedoman Pemeriksaan Kandungan Nitrit Sarang Walet untuk Pengeluaran ke Negara Republik Rakyat Tiongkok” - Guidelines for Examination of EBN Nest Nitrite Content for Exportation to the People's Republic of China, to make sure the nitrite content is less than 30 ppm.…”

Section: Issue and Regulations Regarding Ebnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Residual Contaminants in Edible Bird's Nest

et al. 2021

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Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is recognized as a nourishing food among Chinese people. The efficacy of EBN was stated in the records of traditional Chinese medicine and its activities have been reported in many researches. Malaysia is the second largest exporter of EBNs in the world, after Indonesia. For many years, EBN trade to China was not regulated until August 2011, when a safety alert was triggered for the consumption of EBNs. China banned the import of EBNs from Malaysia and Indonesia due to high level of nitrite. Since then, the Malaysia government has formulated Malaysia Standards for swiftlet farming (MS 2273:2012), edible bird’s nest processing plant design and management (MS 2333:2010), and edible bird’s nest product quality (MS 2334:2011) to enable the industry to meet the specified standards for the export to China. On the other hand, Indonesia's EBN industry formulated a standard operating procedure (SOP) for exportation to China. Both countries can export EBNs to China by complying with the standards and SOPs. EBN contaminants may include but not limited to nitrite, heavy metals, excessive minerals, fungi, bacteria, and mites. The possible source of contaminants may come from the swiftlet farms and the swiftlets or introduced during processing, storage, and transportation of EBNs, or adulterants. Swiftlet house design and management, and EBN processing affect the bird’s nest color. Degradation of its optical quality has an impact on the selling price, and color changes are tied together with nitrite level. In this review, the current and future prospects of EBNs in Malaysia and Indonesia in terms of their quality, and the research on the contaminants and their effects on EBN color changes are discussed.

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Preliminary study of nitrite content in South Sulawesi uncleaned edible bird nest

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

A preliminary metagenomics study of bacteria present in the dirt of Swiftlet farmhouses based on nitrite levels in edible bird's nest on Sumatera Island, Indonesia

A preliminary metagenomics study of bacteria present in the dirt of Swiftlet farmhouses based on nitrite levels in edible bird's nest on Sumatera Island, Indonesia

Food Safety Management System in Edible Bird’s Nest Industry: A Review

Potential Residual Contaminants in Edible Bird's Nest

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