Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity Analysis of Organic Soap Bar Containing Gnetum gnemon Peel Extract

Abstract

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) peel has been known as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal, but not yet used as cosmetic ingredients or drugs optimally. This research focuses on the production of organic soap bars from melinjo peel extract, the quality testing, and antimicrobial analysis against selected microbes. The soap making process was done by the saponification reaction between the mixture of palm oil and coconut oil with sodium hydroxide through cold and hot processes. Distilled water and ethanol were used as solvents for melinjo peel extraction. The quality test was done by determining insoluble fraction in ethanol, free alkali, and unsaponified fatty matter. An antimicrobial activity test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The result shows that the quality test fit with INS 2016 for all the criteria except for unsaponified fatty acid in the cold process soap bar. Inhibition zone of organic soap bar sequentially decreased against the growth of Tricophytone mentagrophytes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Therefore, the organic soap bar with melinjo peel extract shows a good potential to be used as an antimicrobial soap.

Production, Quality Test, and Activity Evaluation of Methanol Extract and Nanoparticles from Pluchea indica (L.) Leaves as Additives in Natural Soap against Propionibacterium acnes

“…In this study, the tested samples included MEPL bar soap and plain soap, both with concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%. Asepso antibacterial soap served as the positive control, while distilled water was used as the negative control, considering that Propionibacterium acnes bacteria thrive in contact with distilled water [36]. Asepso antiseptic soap was chosen as the positive control due to its documented antibacterial activity, which is evident from the formation of an inhibition zone.…”

Frictional Properties of Soaps with the Addition of Ground Hazelnut Shells

“…The traditional bar of soap is becoming more and more popular not only on the personal hygiene products market, but also on the ecological products market [ 1 ]. This is mainly due to the commercial use of soap and additional functions, such as a skin-softening deodorant, moisturizer, and bacteria-reducing agent [ 2 , 3 ]. The possibility of using various waste materials, such as almond shells, orange peels [ 4 ], or used cooking oil to make everyday soaps can increasingly be recognised [ 5 ].…”