Preparation Techniques for Acid-Insoluble Microfossils

Funkhouser, John W.; Evitt, William R.

doi:10.2307/1484431

Cited by 87 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Aliquots of these same samples (~ 3 g) were investigated palynologically using standard techniques (sample 25 was not investigated). Briefly, the mineral matrix was removed by destruction in HC1 and HF and the remaining material subsequently separated into a light and a heavy fraction, applying a ZnCl~ solution with a specific gravity of 2.0 ( Funkhauser and Evitt, 1959). The light fraction was then sieved through a 10-ym sieve, homogenized by stirring and subsequently two slides of each sample were prepared using a glycerol-jelly medium for light- Prior to organic geochemical analyses the samples were lyophilized, homogenized and divided into two portions.…”

Section: Sampling and Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Quaternary Mediterranean sapropels II. Organic geochemistry and palynology of S1 sapropels and associated sediments

Haven¹,

Baas²,

Leeuw³

et al. 1987

Chemical Geology

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Ten Haven, H.L., Baas, M., De Leeuw, J.W., Schenck, P.A. and Brinkhuis, H., 1987. Late Quaternary Mediterranean sapropels, II. Organic geochemistry and palynology of $1 sapropels and associated sediments. Chem. Geol., 64: 149-167.Six S~ sapropel samples from the eastern Mediterranean were investigated organic geochemically to study the lateral variation within this organic-rich layer. Five of these samples were also analyzed palynologically. In addition, some sediment samples from below and overlying the sapropel intervals were investigated for their organic geochemical characteristics.Organic matter of S ~ sapropels is of a mixed marine, terrigenous and bacterial origin. A trend of relatively increasing amounts of continentally derived organic matter towards more seaward and deeper realms can be observed from both palynological and organic geochemical data. This trend is supported to some extent by 5 l:~C-values of the organic matter.The sapropelic intervals deposited on the Nile Cone are characterized by expanded thicknesses and a "diluted" organic carbon content due to a higher sedimentation rate. The environmental conditions ( in terms of preservation ) during sapropel formation over the eastern Mediterranean were probably not uniform. At site 29 the conditions were favourable for the deposition of sapropel with a higher organic carbon content than at the other locations. This might have been caused by better preservation conditions. An increasing discharge from the river Nile seems to be the driving force for formation of the S~ sapropels. Based on this assumption a model for sapropel formation is proposed. Although not all the data could be explained properly by this model, most phenomena can be explained.

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Section: Sampling and Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Quaternary Mediterranean sapropels II. Organic geochemistry and palynology of S1 sapropels and associated sediments

Haven¹,

Baas²,

Leeuw³

et al. 1987

Chemical Geology

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“…The majority of studies examining diatom export fluxes in the Southern Ocean have used a micropaleontological technique, originally developed for sediment samples (Funkhouser and Evitt, 1959). To remove organic and detrital material the micropaleontological technique includes a chemical oxidation step to "clean" and isolate the diatom frustules.…”

Section: Seasonality Of Diatom Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous experimental studies have demonstrated the role of macronutrient and trace metal limitation for resting spore formation in diatoms in laboratory experiments (Garrison, 1981;Sanders and Cibik, 1985;Kuwata et al, 1993;Oku andKamatani, 1997, Sugie et al, 2010). Chaetoceros Hyalochaete vegetative stages were observed in the summer upstream and downstream of South Georgia (Korb et al, , 2008, although only present in export assemblages downstream.…”

Section: Resting Spore Formation and Carbon Transfer To The Seafloormentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong contribution of diatom resting spores to deep-sea carbon transfer in naturally iron-fertilized waters downstream of South Georgia

Rembauville

Manno

Tarling

et al. 2016

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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a b s t r a c tBiogeochemical and diatom export fluxes are presented from two bathypelagic sediment trap deployments in the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean. One of the sediment traps was deployed in very productive, naturally iron-fertilized waters downstream of South Georgia (P3, 2000 m) and compared to a deployment in moderately productive waters upstream of the island system (P2, 1500 m). At both sites significant diatom export events occurred in spring (November) and contained mostly empty cells that were associated with low particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes. A summer export pulse occurred one month later at P2 (end February/March) compared to P3 (end January). Diatom fluxes at P3 were one order of magnitude higher than at P2, a difference mainly attributed to the short and intense export of resting spores from Chaetoceros Hyalochaete and Thalassiosira antarctica species. Aside from these resting spores, diatom export assemblages at both sites were dominated by empty Fragilariopsis kerguelensis frustules. The fraction of diatoms exported as empty frustules was considerably lower at P3 (52%) than P2 (91%). This difference was related to the flux of intact diatom resting spores at P3 and may partially explain the lower Si:C export stoichiometry observed at P3 (1.1) compared to P2 (1.5). Through the enumeration of full diatom frustules and subsequent biomass calculations we estimate that diatom resting spores account for 42% of annual POC flux in the productive waters downstream of South Georgia. At both sites the contribution of diatom vegetative stages to POC fluxes was considerably lower (o 5%). From these analyses we conclude that resting spore export contributes towards the slightly higher bathypelagic (POC) flux at P3 (40.6 mmol m À 2 y À 1 ) compared to P2 (26.4 mmol m À 2 y À 1 ). We compared our sediment trap records with previously published diatom assemblage data from the mixed layer and surface sediments (3760 m) around South Georgia. The relative proportion of diatom resting spores within diatom assemblages increases as a function of depth and is explained by selective preservation of their robust frustules. Our study highlights the significance of diatom resting spore export as a carbon vector out of the mixed layer. Furthermore, the contribution or resting spores to POC flux in the bathypelagic ocean and sediments suggests they play a particularly important role in sequestering biologically fixed CO 2 over climatically relevant timescales.

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“…Smith and Butterworth (1967) warned that if the coal is pyritic, this reaction can be violent. Funkhouser and Evitt (1959), Traverse (1988), and Eshet and Hoek (1996) mentioned the use of H 2 O 2 as an oxidizing agent, used following HCl/HF digestion. Furthermore, Jenkins (1967), Doher (1980), and Batten (1999) stated that H 2 O 2 can be used to bleach darkened palynomorphs due to its oxidizing properties.…”

Section: The Previously Described Use Of Hydrogen Peroxide In Palynolmentioning

confidence: 99%

An effective palynological preparation procedure using hydrogen peroxide

Riding¹,

Kyffin-Hughes²

2007

Palynology

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Most pre-Quaternary palynology samples are currently prepared by demineralisation of the sediment/sedimentary rock matrix using hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids (HCl and HF respectively). If a consistently effective alternative to this procedure can be developed, palynological processing will be made significantly less hazardous to both laboratory personnel, and to the wider environment. Furthermore, most non-acid processing methods are normally quicker and cheaper than matrix dissolution using acid. Some authors have previously used hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to extract palynomorphs by the physico-chemical disaggregation of the clay fraction. However, H 2 O 2 is a powerful oxidizing agent and hence can potentially destroy sedimentary organic material, including palynomorphs. A new method using hot H 2 O 2 , where exposure of the sample material to the H 2 O 2 is minimised, has been developed. Crushed sample material in a suitable vessel is placed on a hot plate for one minute, treated with 15-30% H 2 O 2 for 10 minutes, then the residue is diluted with cold distilled water. Disaggregated sample material tends to float, and is decanted into a large vessel containing distilled water to further dilute the H 2 O 2 . If any undisaggregated sample remains, the procedure is repeated several times if necessary. Relatively indurated sedimentary lithotypes normally require several treatments. The reason for this stepwise treatment is that the organic material is not exposed to H 2 O 2 for sustained periods, thereby reducing the possibility of palynomorph damage/degradation due to oxidation. When the sample matrix has been fully disaggregated, the residue can be further processed as appropriate.In this study, eight samples of Carboniferous, Jurassic, Paleogene, and Quaternary age were prepared quantitatively using the new H 2 O 2 method. These were all prepared using 30% H 2 O 2 . For comparison, they were also prepared quantitatively using HCl/HF and/or sodium hexametaphosphate [(NaPO 3 ) 6 ]. Quantitative preparations allow the concentration of palynomorphs extracted to be determined, and therefore the effectiveness of the techniques used can be compared objectively. The palynomorph residues derived from these three techniques varied markedly. The H 2 O 2 method does not consistently disaggregate all the sample material, particularly the older and more indurated lithotypes. Some evidence of oxidation effects was observed. Two samples of Mississippian mudstone from the U.S.A. were prepared using H 2 O 2 and (NaPO 3 ) 6 . Both methods produced abundant miospores, however the H 2 O 2 procedure yielded far higher palynomorph concentrations than the (NaPO 3 ) 6 2 technique. Minor degradation of palynomorphs in the H 2 O 2 preparation was noted. The H 2 O 2 and HCl/HF methods were compared directly on a palynomorph-rich sample of Upper Carboniferous mudstone from offshore Scotland. Both preparations produced abundant miospores. The HCl/HF method had significantly higher recovery levels than the H 2 O 2 procedure....

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Preparation Techniques for Acid-Insoluble Microfossils

Cited by 87 publications

References 0 publications

Late Quaternary Mediterranean sapropels II. Organic geochemistry and palynology of S1 sapropels and associated sediments

Late Quaternary Mediterranean sapropels II. Organic geochemistry and palynology of S1 sapropels and associated sediments

Strong contribution of diatom resting spores to deep-sea carbon transfer in naturally iron-fertilized waters downstream of South Georgia

An effective palynological preparation procedure using hydrogen peroxide

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