Presence of muscle dysmorphia symptomology among male weightlifters

Hildebrandt, Tom; Schlundt, David G.; Langenbucher, James; Chung, Tammy

doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.06.001

Cited by 116 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…There does appear to be a level of conceptual similarity between muscle dysmorphia, anorexia nervosa, and obsessive compulsive disorder, prompting some to argue for the inclusion of all three within an obsessive compulsive spectrum. 6,21 However, the inclusion of muscle dysmorphia within an obsessive compulsive spectrum will encounter difficulties in presenting as comprehensive a case of similarity as that between muscle dysmorphia and the eating disorders (e.g., symptomatic overlap, epidemiological features, and treatment approach). To provide just one example, the categorization of muscle dysmorphia within the obsessive compulsive spectrum is inconsistent with the gendered nature of muscle dysmorphia and eating disorders given that obsessive compulsive disorders are largely balanced between genders.…”

Section: The Possible Inclusion Of Muscle Dysmorphia Within the Obsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Further behavioral manifestations include reflective surface and mirror checking to reduce the anxiety attached to preoccupations of feeling small and inadequately muscular, 14 social avoidance and body concealment, 5 and impaired interpersonal and sexual relationships. 6,14 On the basis of the proposed diagnostic criteria, this constellation of symptoms represents a valid diagnostic entity 4,20 that can adequately distinguish between gym users afflicted with muscle dysmorphia and those without 4 ; between gym users with muscle dysmorphia and those who were nonpathologically concerned with their muscularity 21 ; and between weightlifters with and without muscle dysmorphia. 22 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Muscle dysmorphia and the DSM‐V conundrum: Where does it belong? A review paper

Murray

Rieger

Touyz

et al. 2010

Intl J Eating Disorders

171

117

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Objective: Muscle dysmorphia is a relatively recently identified psychological condition that, since its inception, has been variously conceptualized as an eating disorder and subsequently as a type of body dysmorphic disorder within the somatoform disorders. This review aims to inform and encourage ongoing debate surrounding the diagnostic placement of this disorder.Method: We present a review and synthesis of the extant literature with a view to informing future decisions regarding the conceptualization of muscle dysmorphia.Results: The validity of muscle dysmorphia as a clinical entity has been empirically demonstrated. While the condition bears little semblance to somatization as currently conceptualized, the research suggests a strong conceptual similarity with anorexia nervosa. However, future research needs to utilize more appropriate measures of male eating disorder pathology. Muscle dysmorphia is also inclusive of obsessive compulsive features that are typical to those seen in eating disorder presentations.Discussion: We suggest that muscle dysmorphia be reanalyzed through the lens of an eating disorder spectrum. Recognition of muscle dysmorphia as an eating disorder may offer more clinical utility in recognizing the male experience of eating disorder pathology and also help reduce the number of current male cases falling into the EDNOS category. V V C 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: The Possible Inclusion Of Muscle Dysmorphia Within the Obsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle dysmorphia and the DSM‐V conundrum: Where does it belong? A review paper

Murray

Rieger

Touyz

et al. 2010

Intl J Eating Disorders

171

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Afecta mayormente a hombres, quienes se perciben más débiles, pequeños e insuficientes muscularmente, con significativa interferencia en su desempeño cotidiano. Practican largas horas de levantamiento de pesas con excesiva atención a la dieta y consumo de sustancias anabólicas, pese a conocer sus consecuencias físicas y psicológicas adversas, interrumpiendo actividades sociales, ocupacionales o recreacionales por la compulsión de cumplir horarios rígidos de entrenamiento y alimentación, eludiendo situaciones donde su cuerpo es expuesto con marcado estrés y/o ansiedad [22][23][24] .…”

Section: Trastorno Dismórfico Muscularunclassified

“…Criterios diagnósticos para trastorno dismórfico corporal y anorexia nerviosa según DSM-5 (21)* Trastorno dismórfico corporal -300.7 (F45. 22) a. Preocupación por uno o más defectos o imperfecciones percibidas en el aspecto físico que no son observables o parecen sin importancia a otras personas. B. en algún momento durante el curso del trastorno, el sujeto ha realizado comportamientos (ej., mirarse en el espejo, asearse en exceso, rascarse la piel, querer asegurarse de las cosas) o actos mentales (ej., comparar su aspecto con el de otros) repetitivos como respuesta a la preocupación por el aspecto.…”

Section: Espectro Obsesivo-compulsivounclassified

Trastorno dismórfico corporal: aspectos clínicos, dimensiones nosológicas y controversias con la anorexia nerviosa

et al. 2016

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Body dysmorphic disorder: clinical aspects, nosological dimensions and controversies with anorexia nervosa There is strong evidence about the co-existence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and eating disorders (ED), particularly with anorexia nervosa (ANL as distorsiones cognitivas respecto de la apariencia son centrales en el trastorno dismórfico corporal (TDC), cuyos portadores demuestran preocupación por defectos físicos imaginarios, leves o aún invisibles a los demás y en algunos casos próximos a una condición delirante, que se gestaría desde la idea sobrevalorada, con una alta ponderación de las creencias individuales, surgidas a partir de fuertes sentimientos en torno a defectos auto-percibidos que eclipsan la introspección cognitivo-racional. La entidad parece ser relativamente común en la población general y en contextos psiquiátricos, dermatológicos y de cirugía cosmética 1 . La relación entre el TDC y los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) se expresa principalmente en la anorexia nerviosa (AN), mas su intercurrencia ha sido escasamente investigada y diagnosticada 2 , traduciéndose en una severa discapacidad psicosocial, con deficiente calidad de vida e incluso alto riesgo suicida 3 . La etiología precisa del TDC es desconocida, pero se plantea un considerable componente hereditario, pues el trastorno se presenta hasta ocho veces más frecuentemente en las familias con antecedentes de la patología. Se han verificado anormalidades en la función ejecutiva, el reconocimiento emocional y la auto-percepción visual, siendo la serotonina un modulador conductualmente relevante 4 .

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“…O indivíduo portador de DISMUS apresenta distorção da auto-imagem corporal, percebendo seus músculos como muito pouco desenvolvidos, apesar da visível hipertrofia muscular (7) , e procura ativamente aumentar sua massa muscular, através de exercícios excessivos e do uso de substâncias ergogênicas (8) e de dietas hiperprotéicas (9) . Tal apresentação clínica foi descrita pela primeira vez sob o título de Dismorfia Muscular em 1997 por Pope et al (10) .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Dismorfia muscular: análise comparativa entre um critério antropométrico e um instrumento psicológico

Sardinha

Oliveira

Araújo

2008

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Artigo originAl RESUMOOs transtornos psiquiátricos relacionados à distorção da auto-imagem corporal são marcados por elevado grau de sofrimento físico e psíquico, associado a perdas sociais e ocupacionais significativas, além de produzirem comportamentos danosos para a saúde física do paciente. A dismorfia muscular (DISMUS) é um subtipo do transtorno dismórfico corporal, que se caracteriza por uma preocupação específica com o tamanho do corpo e com o desenvolvimento dos músculos. É um transtorno presente quase exclusivamente em homens que, apesar da visível hipertrofia, procuram ativamente aumentar sua massa muscular, através de exercícios excessivos, do uso de substâncias ergogênicas e de dietas hiperprotéicas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a validade de constructo de um critério antropométrico (Índice B/P -relação entre a perimetria do braço contraído e da perna), anteriormente proposto, para suspeita diagnóstica de DISMUS. Uma amostra (n = 100) de homens, praticantes de treinamento de força, com idade entre 18 e 35 anos, teve suas medidas antropométricas comparadas os os escores obtidos em uma escala usada para o diagnóstico da DISMUS (MASS -Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale) e também com as medidas de um grupo de indívíduos de características semelhantes, avaliados com o objetivo de obter orientação para a prática de exercícios físicos (n = 313). A análise dos resultados indica que um indivíduo com índice B/P > 1 possuem alta probabilidade de apresentar um escore indicativo de DISMUS no instrumento MASS e sugere ser coerente a aplicação do índice B/P como um indicador antropométrico válido para o diagnóstico de DISMUS. O critério B/P pode ser um potente instrumento usado por profissionais da área de exercício para auxiliar no diagnóstico e tratamento precoce desses indivíduos.Palavras-chave: imagem corporal, cineantropometria, fortalecimento muscular, anabolizantes, transtornos psiquiátricos. ABSTRACTPsychiatric disorders related to body image distortions are highly associated with physical and psychological distress and significant social and ocupacional disfunction. Also, they are caracterized for inducing behaviors that can be harmful for the patient's health. Muscle Dysmorfia (MD) is a subtype of Body Dysmorfic Disorder, marked by specific and recurrent worring about muscle appearance and hipertrophy. This disorder is significantly more prevalent in men and, despite the actual level of muscle hipertrophy, the subjects seek increasing their body mass by excessive weight lifting, engaging in hiperproteic diets and using anabolic substances. The present study aimed to evaluate the construct validity of an antropometric criteria (The B/P index -the ratio between the perimeter of the contracted arm and the perimeter of the leg), previously proposed, as an antropometric indicator to suspect of MD in weight lifters. A sample (n = 100) of male body builders, between 18 and 35 years old, were measured and responded the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS). Their cineantropometric measures...

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Presence of muscle dysmorphia symptomology among male weightlifters

Cited by 116 publications

References 35 publications

Muscle dysmorphia and the DSM‐V conundrum: Where does it belong? A review paper

Muscle dysmorphia and the DSM‐V conundrum: Where does it belong? A review paper

Trastorno dismórfico corporal: aspectos clínicos, dimensiones nosológicas y controversias con la anorexia nerviosa

Dismorfia muscular: análise comparativa entre um critério antropométrico e um instrumento psicológico

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