“…Machine learning is also widely used in biological applications, such as optimization [ 63 , 64 ], feature extraction [ 65 , 66 ], and diagnosis of tumors [ 67 ]. The applications of deep learning method are infection disease detection [ 68 ], economical application [ 69 ], cancer research [ 70 ], brain tumor detection [ 71 , 72 ], fatigue detection [ 73 ], environmental science [ 74 ], federated learning [ 75 ], facial expression detection [ 76 ], and healthcare analysis [ 77 ]. Moreover, some metaheuristic methods are aquila optimization [ 78 ], reptile search method [ 79 ], genetic algorithm [ 74 ], and so on [ 80 ].…”