Pressed for Time? Goal Conflict Shapes how Time is Perceived, Spent, and Valued

Etkin, Jordan; Evangelidis, Ioannis; Aaker, Jennifer

doi:10.1509/jmr.14.0130

Cited by 82 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This suggests that partial mediation can potentially be supported when BST is low, whereas only full mediation may potentially occur when BST is high. To test these underlying processes, we used bias‐corrected bootstrapping to generate a 95 per cent confidence interval around the indirect effect of cognitive effort, where mediation occurs if the confidence interval excludes 0 (Etkin, Evangelidis, and Aaker ). When BST is low, the indirect effect of knowledge on financial healthiness through cognitive effort is significant (banks: β = 0.04, 95% confidence interval [Cl] = [0.01, 0.08]; mutual funds: β = 0.04, 95% confidence interval [Cl] = [0.01, 0.09]), whereas the indirect effect was not significant when BST is high (banks: β = 0.01, 95% confidence interval [Cl] = [−0.03, 0.05]; mutual funds: β = 0.01, 95% confidence interval [Cl] = [−0.04, 0.05]).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The moderating effects of financial broad‐scope trust on consumer knowledge, cognitive effort, and financial healthiness

Hansen

2016

J of Consumer Behaviour

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Substantial research results suggest the global financial crisis has negatively affected consumers' trust in financial service providers. Notably, trust not only relates to consumer trust in individual companies but also relates to the broader business context in which consumers may plan and carry out their financial behavior. This latter form of trust can be referred to as "broad-scope" trust (BST). BST is especially important in a society context because lack of BST may reduce financial market dynamism, competition, and productivity. Consequently, financial service providers assume an important social responsibility in order to develop BST. Unfortunately, not much is known about the interplay between BST and consumer financial behavior. Based on two surveys comprising 1155 bank consumers and 756 mutual fund investors, respectively, this study investigates the moderating influence of BST on relations between knowledge, cognitive effort, and financial healthiness and also examines the direct influence of BST on cognitive effort and financial healthiness. The results indicate that BST negatively moderates relations between knowledge and financial healthiness and between cognitive effort and financial healthiness. In addition, it is demonstrated that BST negatively influences cognitive effort and positively influences financial healthiness. Our results demonstrate the importance of developing BST as it may ease the burdens put on consumers' financial knowledge and processing capabilities, which in turn may facilitate their financial well-being.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The moderating effects of financial broad‐scope trust on consumer knowledge, cognitive effort, and financial healthiness

Hansen

2016

J of Consumer Behaviour

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“…An elevated perspective over one's time highlights that each moment is a critical piece of one's overall time course: Each tile contributes to the mosaic of one's life. As author Annie Dillard () noted, “How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives.” Seeing how any given moment fits in with all of the other moments should lead consumers to become more deliberate with how they spend their time—prioritizing activities that reflect their ideal self and optimal life (Loewenstein, ; Mogilner, ), as well as getting the most out of any given moment by doing activities that satisfy multiple pursuits at the same time (Etkin, Evangelidis, & Aaker, ).…”

Section: Reconstruing Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking time: Implications for well‐being

Mogilner

Hershfield

Aaker

2017

Consumer Psychology Review

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How people think about and use their time has critical implications for happiness and well‐being. Extant research on time in the consumer behavior literature reveals a predominantly dichotomized perspective of time between the present and future. Drawing on research on emotions, social relationships, and financial decision‐making, we discuss how removing categorical dichotomies might lead to beneficial outcomes. From this, we propose a conceptualization of time that assumes a less stark contrast between the present and the future, allowing these two time frames to more flexibly coexist in people's minds and experiences. Finally, we discuss one way people might adopt this perspective to increase happiness—by taking an elevated or “bird's‐eye” perspective of time where the future and present, as well as the past, become equally visible, and where events from different time points are treated and experienced as part of one's life and being overall.

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“…The time perception measure [49] is a five-item questionnaire that has a good level of reliability ( α = 0.89). Participants are asked to indicate on a five-point scale (originally presented by Etkin et al as a seven-point scale) where 5 is ‘strongly agree’, the extent to which they agree with the following statements:

I have a sense that time is expanded

I have a sense that time is boundless

I have a sense that time is constricted

I always feel as if I am in a rush/hurry

I always feel as if I do not have enough time

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing engagement with, and effectiveness of, an online CBT-based stress management intervention for employees through the use of an online facilitated bulletin board: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial

Carolan

Harris

Greenwood

et al. 2016

Trials

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BackgroundThe evidence for the benefits of online cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)-based programmes delivered in a clinical context is clear, but this evidence does not translate to online CBT-based stress management programmes delivered within a workplace context. One of the challenges to the delivery of online interventions is programme engagement; this challenge is even more acute for interventions delivered in real-world settings such as the workplace. The purpose of this pilot study is to explore the effect of an online facilitated discussion group on engagement, and to estimate the potential effectiveness of an online CBT-based stress management programme.MethodsThis study is a three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing a minimally guided, online, CBT-based stress management intervention delivered with and without an online facilitated bulletin board, and a wait list control group. Up to 90 employees from six UK-based organisations will be recruited to the study. Inclusion criteria will include age 18 years or over, elevated levels of stress (as measured on the PSS-10 scale), access to a computer or a tablet and the Internet. The primary outcome measure will be engagement, as defined by the number of logins to the site; secondary outcome measures will include further measures of engagement (the number of pages visited, the number of modules completed and self-report engagement) and measures of effectiveness (psychological distress and subjective wellbeing). Possible moderators will include measures of intervention quality (satisfaction, acceptability, credibility, system usability), time pressure, goal conflict, levels of distress at baseline and job autonomy. Measures will be taken at baseline, 2 weeks (credibility and expectancy measures only), 8 weeks (completion of intervention) and 16 weeks (follow-up). Primary analysis will be conducted on intention-to-treat principles.DiscussionTo our knowledge this is the first study to explore the effect of an online discussion group on the engagement and effectiveness of an online CBT-based stress management intervention. This study could provide a solution to the growing problem of poor employee psychological health and begin to address the challenge of increasing engagement with Internet-delivered health interventions.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02729987. Registered on 18 Mar 2016.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1733-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Pressed for Time? Goal Conflict Shapes how Time is Perceived, Spent, and Valued

Cited by 82 publications

References 37 publications

The moderating effects of financial broad‐scope trust on consumer knowledge, cognitive effort, and financial healthiness

The moderating effects of financial broad‐scope trust on consumer knowledge, cognitive effort, and financial healthiness

Rethinking time: Implications for well‐being

Increasing engagement with, and effectiveness of, an online CBT-based stress management intervention for employees through the use of an online facilitated bulletin board: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial

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