Pressure, volume and the pancreas.

Abstract

for eight hours, were carefully weighed and anaesthetised with 1*2 mg intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbitone, and maintained at a constant temperature of 37°C. Through a midline laparotomy wound the duodenum and bile-pancreatic duct were identified. In the rat multiple pancreatic ducts drain into a common bile-pancreatic duct which empties into the second part of the duodenum.9 10 The greater part of the bile-pancreatic duct is enveloped in pancreas but at each end there is an exposed segment 1-2 mm long allowing free access to the duct. The common bile duct was ligated close to the liver and the animals left for 30 minutes to enable the bile-pancreatic duct to clear of bile. A preliminary experiment on 10 animals showed that bile duct ligation did not affect pancreatic structure or function over a 24 hour period. Through a small duodenotomy a thin Portex polyethylene cannula (id 0-4mm, od 0-8mm) was inserted through the ampulla into the bile-pancreatic duct and tied in place ( Fig. 1) with care taken to avoid any pancreatic damage. The cannula was connected to a three way tap; one arm attached to a constant infusion pump (Slow infusion apparatus, Scientific

Saline Infusion Through the Pancreatic Duct Leads to Changes in Calcium Homeostasis Similar to Those Observed in Acute Pancreatitis

“…Calcium homeostasis is affected early during pancreatic injury since acini isolated from saline-infused animals showed evident impairment in calcium response. These results support those obtained for other authors [25][26][27] and point to the need of developing new diagnostic techniques in order to reduce the risk of causing pancreatic damage in ERCP. These approaches would be directed to reduce manipulation avoiding mechanical damage and flow obstruction in pancreatic duct.…”

“…Thus, hydrostatic pressure increase could be one of several factors that can trigger the inflammatory reaction in the pancreas [24]. Moreover, infusion of saline into rat biliopancreatic duct can lead to pancreatic and pulmonary damage [25,26], hyperamylasemia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and trypsin activation in the pancreas [27].…”

A new model of chronic pancreatitis in rats

“…1. Previous studies have reported that the average intrapancreatic duct pressure in patients with CP is 33.1 cmH 2O (6), and the pancreatic duct ruptures at a pressure of 50 cmH2O in rats (4). Therefore, the free end of the pancreatic cannula was raised 5 cm each day from 25 to 35 cm but not above 35 cm to prevent acute pancreatic damage.…”

The Use of Animal Models to Study Bacterial Translocation During Acute Pancreatitis

“…Both chemical and pressure effects of infusion were suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis in perfusion models 48,49. In both chemical- and pressure-induced pancreatitis, destruction of the pancreatic duct mucosal barrier is the key event.…”

“…Several experiments were performed to assess maximal pancreatic duct pressure before rupture of the duct epithelium causing increased and uncontrolled severity of acute pancreatitis. Data are conflicting, with rupture pressures varying from 15 to 82 mmHg 48,49,51,52. A maximum infusion pressure of 30 to 50 mmHg is currently accepted for rat models.…”