Prevalence and 5-year incidence rate of dyslipidemia and its association with other coronary artery disease risk factors in Iran

Najafipour, Hamid; Yousefzadeh, Gholamreza; Baneshi, Mohammad Reza; Gohari, Milad Ahmadi; Shahouzehi, Beydolah; Farokhi, Mitra Shadkam; Mirzazadeh, Ali

doi:10.4103/jrms.jrms_748_20

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

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Coronary artery disease incidence, risk factors, awareness, and medication utilization in a 10-year cohort study

Sarebanhassanabadi,

Mirjalili,

Marques-Vidal

et al. 2024

BMC Cardiovasc Disord

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Background There is a substantial disparity in coronary artery disease (CAD) burden between Iran and other nations that place a strong emphasis on the assessment of CAD risk factors and individuals’ awareness and ability to control them. Methods Two thousand participants of a community-based Iranian population aged 20–74 years were investigated with a mean follow-up of 9.9 years (range: 7.6 to 12.2). An analysis of Cox regression was conducted to determine the association between CAD development and classic risk factors such as age, sex, smoking, physical activity, education, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, we computed the population attributable fraction for these risk factors. Results After a follow-up period of nearly 10 years, 225 CAD events were reported, constituting 14.5% of the overall incidence. Nighty three percent of participants had more than one risk factor. Age was the most predictive risk factor, with a hazard ratio (HR) and confidence interval (CI) of 5.56 (3.87–7.97, p < 0.001) in men older than 45 and females older than 55 compared to lower ages. In comparison to females, males had an HR of 1.45 (CI: 1.11–1.90, p value = 0.006) for developing CAD. Nearly 80% of the patients had dyslipidemia, with a hazard ratio of 2.19 (CI: 1.40–3.44, p = 0.01). Among the participants, 28.9% had hypertension, and 52% had prehypertension, which had HRs of 4.1 (2.4–7.2, p < 0.001) and 2.4 (1.4–4.2, p < 0.001), respectively. Diabetes, with a prevalence of 17%, had an HR of 2.63 (CI: 2 -3.47, p < 0.001), but prediabetes was not significantly associated with CAD. Awareness of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension was 81%, 27.9%, and 48.1%, respectively. Regarding medication usage, the corresponding percentages were 51% for diabetes, 13.2% for dyslipidemia, and 41% for hypertension. Conclusions Compared to previous studies in Iran and neighboring countries, the current study found a higher incidence of CAD, more prevalent risk factors, and a lower awareness and ability to control these risk factors. Thus, an effective preventive strategy is needed to reduce the CAD burden in Iran.

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Coronary artery disease incidence, risk factors, awareness, and medication utilization in a 10-year cohort study

Sarebanhassanabadi,

Mirjalili,

Marques-Vidal

et al. 2024

BMC Cardiovasc Disord

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Prevalence and trend of multiple coronary artery disease risk factors and their 5-year incidence rate among adult population of Kerman: results from KERCADR study

Zeinali-Nezhad,

Najafipour,

Shadkam

et al. 2024

BMC Public Health

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Background Coronary artery diseases (CADs) are the most important non‑communicable diseases (NCDs), which cause the highest number of deaths around the world. Hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia (DL), diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity (OB), low physical activity (LPA), smoking, opium consumption (OC) and anxiety are the most important CAD risk factors, which are more dangerously present in combination in some patients. Methods A total of 5835 people aged 15 to 75 years were enrolled in the phase 1 (2012) and followed up to the phase 2 (2017) of the population-based Kerman coronary artery diseases risk factors study (KERCADRS). The prevalence and pattern of different combinations of CAD risk factors (double to quintuple) and their 5-year incidence rates were assessed. Results The prevalence of single CAD risk factors (RFs) in phase 2 was 50.2% (DL), 47.1% (LPA), 28.1% (abdominal obesity), 21.2% (OB), 16.5% (HTN), 9.2% (smoking), 9.1% (OC), and 8.4% (DM). The most frequent combination of risk factors was LPA plus DL (23.9%), metabolic syndrome (19.6%), and DL plus OB (17.8%). The 5-year incidence rates of multiple comorbidities (in persons per 100 person-years) was DL plus LPA (2.80%), HTN plus DL (1.53%), and abdominal obesity (AOB) plus DL (1.47%). The most participants (84.4%) suffered from at least one RF, while 54.9% had at least two and 29.9% had at least three RFs. Conclusion The results showed that a large portion of the study population suffers from multiple CAD RFs. The findings underscore the importance of identifying multiple CAD risk factors to reduce the overall burden of these NCDs.

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Epidemiology of coronary heart disease risk factors in central Iran: a 10-year cohort study

Hassanabadi

Mirjalili

Marques‐Vidal³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background As a result of its unique lifestyle, culture, and genetic characteristics, central Iran exhibits differences in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor prevalence and impact. Therefore, investigating the epidemiology of CHD risk factors and their effects on CHD events in this region is of particular significance. Methods Two-thousand participants of a community-based Iranian population, aged 20–74 years, were investigated with a mean follow-up of 9.9 years (range: 7.6 to 12.2). An analysis of Cox regression was conducted to determine the association between CHD development and classic risk factors like age, gender, smoking, socioeconomic status, physical activity, education, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. For risk factors and protective factors, attributed risk percentages and absolute risk reductions were calculated. Results After a follow-up period of nearly 10 years, a total of 225 CHD events were reported, accounting for 14.5% of the participants. Most participants had more than one risk factor. Age was the most critical risk factor. In comparison to females, male gender had a HR of 1.45 (CI: 1.11–1.90, p-value = 0.006) for developing CHD. Socioeconomic status and BMI were not significantly associated with CHD. Nearly 80% of the patients had dyslipidemia with a hazard ratio of 2.19 (CI: 1.40–3.44, p = 0.01). Hypertension with prevalence of 28.9% and pre-hypertension with prevalence of 52% were significant risk factors. Diabetes with a prevalence of 19.76% had a HR of 2.70 (CI: 2.07–3.53), but pre-diabetes was not significantly associated with CHD. Awareness of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension were 81%, 27.9%, and 48.1%, respectively. Regarding medication usage, the corresponding percentages were 51% for diabetes, 13.2% for dyslipidemia, and 41% for hypertension. Conclusions Compared to neighboring countries and other parts of the world, classical CHD risk factors are highly prevalent in Iran. This can prompt Iranian healthcare policy makers to change their strategies.

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Prevalence and 5-year incidence rate of dyslipidemia and its association with other coronary artery disease risk factors in Iran

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

Coronary artery disease incidence, risk factors, awareness, and medication utilization in a 10-year cohort study

Coronary artery disease incidence, risk factors, awareness, and medication utilization in a 10-year cohort study

Prevalence and trend of multiple coronary artery disease risk factors and their 5-year incidence rate among adult population of Kerman: results from KERCADR study

Epidemiology of coronary heart disease risk factors in central Iran: a 10-year cohort study

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