Prevalence and Factors Associated With Tramadol Abuse Among College Students in West of Iran: an Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

Bashirian, Saeed; Barati, Majid; Fathi, Yadollah

doi:10.17795/ajnpp-20314

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Some pharmacists also noticed that if tramadol was dispensed to one teenager, others would also request tramadol from their particular community pharmacy. This appears consistent with a previous report that the motivations of peers played a pivotal role in substance abuse among adolescents [22].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Recognition of tramadol abuse, dispensing practices, and opinions about its control policy among community pharmacists in Bangkok, Thailand

Potaros

Yeephu

2018

Asian Biomedicine

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Background Tramadol is classified as a pharmacist-only (restricted) medicine by the Food and Drug Administration of Thailand (Thai FDA). Because of concern about its abuse, in September 2013 the Thai FDA announced a policy to control the distribution of tramadol in community pharmacies. Objectives To identify tramadol dispensing practices by community pharmacists in Bangkok, their recognition of tramadol abuse and the Thai FDA control policy announcement; and opinions about the tramadol control policy. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in community pharmacies located in Bangkok. Pharmacists on duty were interviewed from September 2015 to April 2016. Results Data from 305 pharmacists working in 305 pharmacies revealed that tramadol, both single (tramadol alone) and combination (tramadol plus acetaminophen) formulations, was available in 185 pharmacies (60.7%). Most pharmacists dispensed tramadol to supply regular medicine along with previous prescriptions (74%). Among 305 pharmacists, 304 (99.7%) recognized tramadol abuse in combination with cold–cough remedies and carbonated beverages can create euphoria. Most (97.7%) knew about the announcement of the tramadol control policy, and most (82.6%) thought that the policy was practical. Approximately 43% of pharmacists agreed that the policy was effective in reducing the tramadol abuse problem, whereas 36.7% disagreed. Moreover, 60.3% disagreed with rescheduling tramadol as a prescription-only medicine. In their opinion, tramadol should still be available in pharmacies, to be dispensed by community pharmacists to patients with medical necessity. Conclusions Further studies nationwide in Thailand are likely to be useful to represent and compare information in different parts of the country.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Recognition of tramadol abuse, dispensing practices, and opinions about its control policy among community pharmacists in Bangkok, Thailand

Potaros

Yeephu

2018

Asian Biomedicine

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“…The level of tramadol abuse found in the current study is very high compared with findings by Bashirian et al [26], who reported a prevalence of 12.5% amongst college students in Iran. Another study in Sweden analyzed hair samples and reported a higher prevalence of 33% [27].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Factors Associated with Tramadol Abuse: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Commercial Drivers and Assistants in the Accra Metropolitan Area of Ghana

Danso

Anto

2021

Drugs - Real World Outcomes

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Background There is increasing public health concern regarding the addiction and dependence potential of tramadol. Objective This study sought to determine factors associated with tramadol abuse among commercial drivers and assistants in the Accra Metropolitan Area of Ghana. Patients and MethodsThe study employed a mixed-method quantitative and qualitative approach. It involved a crosssectional survey and focus group discussions with commercial drivers and assistants at selected transport terminals in Accra. Data on abuse, reasons for abuse, sources of supply, and factors associated with abuse were collected from the respondents and analyzed using STATA and Nvivo, as appropriate. Results Of the 458 study participants, 114 (24.9%) indicated that they abused tramadol. The mean (± standard deviation) age of those who abused tramadol (25.14 ± 5.87 years) was significantly lower than that of nonabusers (28.23 ± 9.6 years), t(456) = -3.60; p = 0.001. The level of risk of dependence on tramadol among the abusers was high, as 49.1% (56/114) of abusers were estimated to have a composite risk score of ≥ 27. Various socioenvironmental factors, including tension or fighting among family members (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 7.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.33-17.98; p < 0.001), abuse of drugs by a family member (AOR 2.27;; p = 0.007), and having a friend who abused drugs (AOR 2.17; 95% CI 1.22-3.89; p = 0.009) were associated with tramadol abuse. Reasons given for using tramadol included pain relief and sexual enhancement. ConclusionThe level of tramadol abuse and dependence was high. This calls for interventional programs, including health education, as dependency on tramadol has dire consequences on productivity.

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“…During the first stage, the content domain of the construct was specified. In this stage, interviews were conducted with the experts (gynecologists and midwives) and pregnant women, and a review of the literature relating to the TRA [31][32][33][34][35] was performed to develop an item pool and content domain. The main dependent variable in the present analysis was the cesarean delivery method.…”

Section: Scale Development Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Iranian version of theory-based intention for cesarean section (IR-TBICS) scale: development and first evaluation

Naghibi

Khazaee-Pool

Moosazadeh

2021

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background The rate at which mothers experience a cesarean section in the absence of medical signs is growing worldwide. Women’s beliefs and intentions play an essential role in the request or choice of a delivery method. At present, there is no comprehensive, validated scale for assessing pregnant women’s beliefs about cesarean section in the Iranian population. This study was performed to develop and assess the validity and reliability of the intention-based cesarean section scale using the theory of reasoned action (TRA) constructs as a theoretical framework for measuring intention toward the selection of a delivery method. Methods In this cross-sectional validation study, 480 pregnant women were recruited from Sari, in northern Iran, through a multistage random sampling approach. Content validity was examined using the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR). Furthermore, both exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were applied to assess the construct validity of the developed scale. Reliability was measured by internal consistency and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Quality criteria for floor and ceiling effects were derived from existing guidelines and consensus within our research group. Results The results obtained from the factor analysis showed that the data were fit to the model (χ2 = 2298.389, P < 0.001). The TRA comprised 24 items assessing five domains, which described 62.46% of the common variance. The CFA showed a model with suitable fitness for the data. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the domains of the scale ranged from 0.609 to 0.843, and the ICC value ranged from 0.71 to 0.84, which is within the satisfactory range. The IR-TBICS scale had no floor or ceiling effect on the total score or any of the dimensions. Conclusions The belief-based cesarean section scale appears to be a reliable instrument. It is considered suitable and can be applied in other research in Iran.

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Prevalence and Factors Associated With Tramadol Abuse Among College Students in West of Iran: an Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Recognition of tramadol abuse, dispensing practices, and opinions about its control policy among community pharmacists in Bangkok, Thailand

Recognition of tramadol abuse, dispensing practices, and opinions about its control policy among community pharmacists in Bangkok, Thailand

Factors Associated with Tramadol Abuse: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Commercial Drivers and Assistants in the Accra Metropolitan Area of Ghana

The Iranian version of theory-based intention for cesarean section (IR-TBICS) scale: development and first evaluation

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